What is PCOS?

What is PCOS?

Despite what the name suggests, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome isn’t just about ovaries—or cysts, for that matter. In fact, many people diagnosed with PCOS don’t have any ovarian cysts at all. Confusing? You’re not alone. The name dates back to how the condition was first described, but science has come a long way since then. Today, we understand that PCOS is really a complex hormonal and metabolic condition that affects far more than reproductive health.

At its core, PCOS is about hormonal imbalance. When key hormones like insulin, androgens (like testosterone), and others are out of sync, they can create a domino effect throughout the body. This hormonal miscommunication can lead to irregular periods, acne, weight changes, hair loss or excess hair growth, difficulty with ovulation or fertility—and that’s just the shortlist. But here’s the thing: PCOS doesn’t follow a single pattern. Some women experience textbook symptoms. Others don’t fit the mold at all. That’s part of what makes PCOS so challenging—and why understanding your unique experience matters.

So, how can the PCOS Association help?

We’re here to offer more than definitions. We’re here to offer direction. Whether you’re newly diagnosed, still searching for answers, or years into your journey and feeling stuck, we’re committed to helping you make sense of PCOS—and make progress.

Here’s what you’ll find at PCOSA:

  • Reliable, science-backed information about what PCOS is (and isn’t)

  • 💬 Supportive communities of people who understand exactly what you’re going through

  • 🧬 Resources for navigating fertility, metabolic health, nutrition, and more

  • 🧠 Education for providers who want to better support their PCOS patients

  • 🙋‍♀️ Advocacy to make sure PCOS is recognized, researched, and respected

No fluff. No fad cures. Just real support, grounded in evidence and compassion.

At PCOSA, we believe every person with PCOS deserves to be informed, empowered, and heard. Wherever you are in your journey, we’re honored to walk with you.

pcos

pcos: Latest results from PubMed

Anti-androgenic compound Embelin ameliorates polycystic ovary syndrome by reversing the ovarian dysfunction and associated metabolic irregularities in 5alpha-DHT-induced PCOS rats

We could successfully reverse the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in a rat model using an anti-androgenic compound extracted from Embelia tsjeriam-cottam, which exhibited spectral characteristics consistent with Embelin. The identity of the anti-androgenic fraction was confirmed as Embelin using FT-IR, UV spectrophotometry, and UPLC-MS/MS analyses. The anti-androgenic activity of the extracted Embelin was evaluated using the Yeast RIKILT Androgen Assay and compared against (i)...

Published on: Wed, 10 Dec 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Sandeep Palakkil Mavilavalappil, Shabeer Ali Hassan Muhammed, Sandhya Mohan, M Divya Lakshmanan, Toine F Bovee, K Sreejith,

A review on herbal interventions and nanotechnological advancements for managing polycystic ovarian syndrome

CONCLUSIONS: The review suggested that future research should focus on integrating lifestyle modifications and natural therapies to enhance the quality of life for individuals at risk or suffering from PCOS.

Published on: Wed, 10 Dec 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Khushi Sharma, Snigdha Bhardwaj, Kandasamy Nagarajan,

Antiandrogens and insulin sensitizers in PCOS management

CONCLUSIONS: Antiandrogens and insulin sensitizers represent fundamental pharmacological therapies for PCOS management.

Published on: Wed, 10 Dec 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Stefano Lello, Anna Fagotti, Laura Colonna, Giovanni DI Lella, Michele Vignali, Anna Capozzi,

Gremlin-1 is associated with obesity but not polycystic ovary syndrome: Insights from a body mass index-matched analysis of bone morphogenetic protein pathway components, a cross-sectional study

CONCLUSION: Gremlin-1 levels are associated with obesity but not with PCOS, while BMP-4 levels differ between normal-weight PCOS and BMI-matched controls. These findings provide new insights into BMP pathway components in PCOS and underscore the need for larger, phenotype-stratified studies incorporating tissue-level analyses and additional BMP antagonists.

Published on: Wed, 10 Dec 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Sevdanur Bakar, Medeni Arpa, Nalan Kuruca, Şenol Şentürk,

Barriers and facilitators to lifestyle behavior change and goal setting in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome

CONCLUSION: The facilitators and barriers identified through our analysis are both similar and different to those reported in adolescents with obesity and women with PCOS, likely due to differences in condition specific contexts and life stage. The goals recorded by RDNs reflect a desire to increase diet quality; however, too many goals may have been set on average. Overall, adolescents with PCOS report intrapersonal, interpersonal, and environmental barriers and facilitators that may affect...

Published on: Wed, 10 Dec 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Manasa Gadiraju, Joy Y Kim, Erin M Green, Alexandra MacMillan Uribe, Honghui Chang, Tania S Burgert, Melissa D Olfert, Heidi Vanden Brink,

Effect of vitamin D deficiency on clinical pregnancy outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing in vitro fertilization

CONCLUSION: This study suggests that vitamin D deficiency leads to lower clinical pregnancy rates in patients with PCOS undergoing IVF-ET. Furthermore, the serum vitamin D level is independently associated with clinical pregnancy rates in patients with PCOS undergoing IVF-ET.

Published on: Wed, 10 Dec 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Lan Yu, Bin Hu, Jing Kong, Xiaohang Xu, Cuilian Zhang,

Drug-induced polycystic ovary syndrome: a real-world pharmacovigilance study based on the FAERS database

CONCLUSION: This study is the first large-scale, systematic exploration of drug signals related to PCOS using the FAERS database. The drugs identified are primarily associated with the nervous system, followed by respiratory system medications and other types of drugs. These findings provide new warning evidence and references for clinical drug safety, suggesting that enhanced monitoring of female patients should be implemented when prescribing such drugs.

Published on: Wed, 10 Dec 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Huiping Zhang, Man Di, Yu Wang, Yingying Ma, Yulu Gou, Zhuo Zhou,

Modulation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway by combined stem cell and phytochemical treatment improves metabolic and reproductive outcomes in PCOS

No abstract

Published on: Tue, 09 Dec 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Jixiang Chen, Lihua Zhang, Junhong Gan, Xueyan Teng, Xiaohong Huang, Jinliu Lv, Hao Li,

Effect of Insulin Sensitizers on Glycemic and Lipid Profile in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

Introduction: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with increased cardiovascular risk later in life. Insulin resistance, common in PCOS, heightens the risk of type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. This study explored whether insulin sensitizers could modify traditional cardiovascular risk factors, through influence on insulin resistance. Objectives: To evaluate the impact of Metformin and Myoinositol therapy on glycemic and lipid profiles in PCOS...

Published on: Tue, 09 Dec 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Aleksandra Stevchevska, Tatjana Milenkovic,

The Leucine-mTOR-Autophagy Axis in Granulosa Cells Mediates Circadian Disruption-Induced Anovulation

Background: Ovulation disorders represent the most common cause of infertility in women. Previous studies have reported that continuous light exposure can induce anovulation. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Methods: We assessed the phenotypes of ovulation disorders by using vaginal smears, hormone levels, and ovarian morphology. Metabolomics and RNA sequencing were employed to identify key metabolites and explore potential underlying mechanisms. Additionally, we investigated...

Published on: Tue, 09 Dec 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Renke He, Jiaying Mo, Zhongliang Lin, Kejing Zhu, Yishu Wang, Jiaen Yu, Haiyan Wu, Zhaoying Jiang, Qinyu Luo, Xueying Liu, Lin Yin, Chuanjin Yu, Jianzhong Sheng, Guolian Ding, Hefeng Huang,

Successful Pregnancy Outcome in a Patient with Recurrent Miscarriage Due to PCOS Complicated by Hereditary Protein C Deficiency

On December 28, 2016, a 35-year-old female patient presenting with chest pain and a brief fainting spell was admitted to a hospital in Guangzhou and promptly received thrombectomy and catheter-directed thrombolysis. She had experienced two episodes of explosive thrombosis, with the second occurring in May 2020, triggered by pregnancy. Her diagnoses included polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), hereditary Protein C (PC) deficiency resulting from a heterozygous mutation deletion of 572_574 in exon 7,...

Published on: Tue, 09 Dec 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Lin Qiu, Minglin Zhong, Yanping Tu, Hui Mo, Li Li,

Gut-ovary axis and multiomic insights into PCOS in a DHEA-induced rat model

This study aims to investigate gut microbiota and metabolomes of fecal, cecum, serum, and ovarian tissues in a DHEA-induced rat polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) model and explore the gut-ovary axis in PCOS pathogenesis. Rats were treated with DHEA or sesame oil to create PCOS and Control groups. The PCOS model was confirmed by ovarian morphology, estrous cycle, and serum hormone levels (FSH, LH, and E2). Stool, serum, cecum, and ovarian tissues underwent untargeted metabolomic analysis, and gut...

Published on: Mon, 08 Dec 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Zhi Chen, Qiongqiong Lu, Aolei Lin, Meiao Tan, Wei Li, Sisi Tang, Junyu Feng, Cong Hou, Yu Zhu, Mengxue Xu, Tianjiao Liu, Ming Xia,

Role of bile acids in the pathogenesis and metabolic abnormalities of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

Bile acid, an important molecule regulating the endocrine system and metabolism, affects glucose, lipid, and energy homeostasis in the body and has emerged as a therapeutic target for diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a reproductive endocrine-metabolic disorder that is accompanied by not only obesity and insulin resistance but also bile acid metabolism disorders. In this review, we summarize the role of bile acid metabolism in three typical phenotypes of PCOS,...

Published on: Mon, 08 Dec 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Yan Wang, Xiaoli Shao, Xiaoqing Yang,

A de novo INSR variant in Type A insulin resistance syndrome: familial investigation and genetic implications

Type A insulin resistance syndrome (TAIRS) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder associated with variants in the Insulin Receptor (INSR) gene. It is characterized by insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, and acanthosis nigricans. The severity of the condition may be influenced by homozygosity or heterozygosity, with some female patients being misdiagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). A 13-year-old female proband from a family was identified with hyperinsulinemia, hyperandrogenism,...

Published on: Mon, 08 Dec 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Xin Lin, Zi-Yan Xu, Li-Jun Xie, Juan Zhu, Hong-Ping Yu, Ruo-Li Wang, Yi-Jia Luo, Jing Zou, Jian-Hui Zhang, Qian Chen, Peng-Fei Wang, Dan-Dan Ruan, Yan-Feng Zhou, Li Chen, Fang-Meng Huang, Mei-Zhu Gao, Li Zhang, Yun-Fei Li, Zhu-Ting Fang, Jue Wang, Li-Sheng Liao, Zhi-Hai Zheng, Bin Hu, Xin-Fu Lin, Jie-Wei Luo,

Impact of combined hormonal contraceptives and metformin on metabolic syndrome in women with hyperandrogenic polycystic ovary syndrome and obesity: The COMET-PCOS randomized clinical trial

CONCLUSIONS: In participants with hyperandrogenic PCOS and overweight/obesity, low-dose COCPs effectively managed PCOS symptoms without increasing prevalence of MetS. Our findings challenge the current practice of using metformin alone or with COCPs for lowering cardiometabolic risk.

Published on: Mon, 08 Dec 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Anuja Dokras, Christos Coutifaris, Alan T Remaley, Nehal N Mehta, Martin P Playford, Allen R Kunselman, Christy C Stetter, William C Dodson, Richard S Legro,