What is PCOS?

What is PCOS?

Despite what the name suggests, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome isn’t just about ovaries—or cysts, for that matter. In fact, many people diagnosed with PCOS don’t have any ovarian cysts at all. Confusing? You’re not alone. The name dates back to how the condition was first described, but science has come a long way since then. Today, we understand that PCOS is really a complex hormonal and metabolic condition that affects far more than reproductive health.

At its core, PCOS is about hormonal imbalance. When key hormones like insulin, androgens (like testosterone), and others are out of sync, they can create a domino effect throughout the body. This hormonal miscommunication can lead to irregular periods, acne, weight changes, hair loss or excess hair growth, difficulty with ovulation or fertility—and that’s just the shortlist. But here’s the thing: PCOS doesn’t follow a single pattern. Some women experience textbook symptoms. Others don’t fit the mold at all. That’s part of what makes PCOS so challenging—and why understanding your unique experience matters.

So, how can the PCOS Association help?

We’re here to offer more than definitions. We’re here to offer direction. Whether you’re newly diagnosed, still searching for answers, or years into your journey and feeling stuck, we’re committed to helping you make sense of PCOS—and make progress.

Here’s what you’ll find at PCOSA:

  • Reliable, science-backed information about what PCOS is (and isn’t)

  • 💬 Supportive communities of people who understand exactly what you’re going through

  • 🧬 Resources for navigating fertility, metabolic health, nutrition, and more

  • 🧠 Education for providers who want to better support their PCOS patients

  • 🙋‍♀️ Advocacy to make sure PCOS is recognized, researched, and respected

No fluff. No fad cures. Just real support, grounded in evidence and compassion.

At PCOSA, we believe every person with PCOS deserves to be informed, empowered, and heard. Wherever you are in your journey, we’re honored to walk with you.

pcos

pcos: Latest results from PubMed

Adipose-androgen crosstalk in polycystic ovary syndrome: mechanisms and therapeutic implications

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine-metabolic disorder in reproductive-age women, characterized by hyperandrogenism (HA) and insulin resistance (IR). Despite its high prevalence, the underlying pathophysiology remains incompletely understood. In recent years, bidirectional interactions between androgens and adipose tissue (AT) have been recognized as a key driver of the vicious cycle in PCOS. This review systematically examines this core interaction mechanism: on one...

Published on: Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Muchu Ni, Hongyan Lei, Tao Ye, Yongzhou Wang,

From Ovarian to Endocrine-Metabolic Roots: Aligning PCOS Nomenclature with Pathophysiology

No abstract

Published on: Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Vittorio Unfer,

Hormones, heat, and health: a comprehensive review of sex-based differences in brown and beige fat biology

This review takes a close look at the biology of brown and beige fat, not just as thermogenic tissues, but as active metabolic organs influenced by sex, hormones, age, and even environment. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) and beige adipocytes differ in their origins, gene expression, and regulation. These differences are especially relevant when considering how they behave in males and females. Across both animal and human studies, females show higher BAT volume and more efficient thermogenic...

Published on: Wed, 31 Dec 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Chikkamagaluru Gopalakrishna Shashank, Raga Mandali, Umesh D Wankhade,

Polycystic ovary syndrome and psychological distress: Urban-rural comparison among reproductive-aged women in Bangladesh

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder of reproductive-aged women all over the world. Low- and middle-income countries, such as Bangladesh, often give inadequate attention to mental health issues. As a result, a growing number of women with PCOS are dealing with mental health issues, including an under diagnosis and under-treatment of psychological illnesses. The study assesses the prevalence and psychological impacts of PCOS among women in the reproductive age as well as...

Published on: Wed, 31 Dec 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Anup Talukder, Tahmina Akter Tithi, Maruf Hasan Rumi, Abdul Muyeed,

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome-Associated Acne: The Interplay of Hyperandrogenism, Insulin Resistance, and Therapeutic Strategies

Acne vulgaris is one of the most prevalent dermatologic disorders in adolescent and adult women. Beyond classic pathogenic factors, such as sebaceous hypersecretion, follicular hyperkeratinization, Cutibacterium acnes overgrowth, and inflammation, endocrine drivers are pivotal. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is common across reproductive ages and frequently presents with dermatologic manifestations, notably acne, through mechanisms dominated by hyperandrogenism and compounded by insulin...

Published on: Wed, 31 Dec 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Eftichia Damoulaki, Dimos Sioutis, Vaia Sarli, Eutychios Trakakis, George Mastorakos, Alexander Katoulis, Konstantinos Kastrinakis, Christos Koratzanis, Nikolaos Machairiotis, Periklis Panagopoulos, Chrysi Christodoulaki,

Developing public health policy for addressing PCOS is hampered by the paucity of high-quality epidemiologic studies

No abstract

Published on: Wed, 31 Dec 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Ricardo Azziz, May Rudd,

GnRHa Triggering Versus hCG Triggering in PCOS Patients Who Undergo Fresh or FET Cycles: Is the King Fake or Real?

Background and Objectives: To evaluate the impact of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) triggering compared to human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) triggering on frozen-thawed and fresh embryo transfer outcomes in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF). Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study analyzed 267 IVF cycles of 261 PCOS patients treated with GnRH antagonist protocols. Patients were divided into three groups:...

Published on: Wed, 31 Dec 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Muserref Banu Yilmaz, Reyyan Gokcen Iscan, Sevdenur Banu Yigit, Esra Tustas Haberal, Belgin Devranoglu, Ayse Nur Aksoy, Ali Irfan Guzel, Pinar Kumru,

Formulation principles and mechanisms of TCM patent prescriptions for PCOS: A data mining study from CNIPA

The study applied data mining and network pharmacology to investigate the formulation principles and potential mechanisms of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) patent prescriptions for treating polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in China, offering insights for effective clinical application and providing the foothold for further drug research and development. All TCM patent prescriptions targeting PCOS were extracted from the China National Intellectual Property Administration website. Data...

Published on: Tue, 30 Dec 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Na Shi, Shuhua Ji, Yan Zhang, Huiling Qu, Jinwei Hou, Longhuan Jiang, Haiping Liu,

Comparison of Serum and Cervical Mucus Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Levels in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Healthy Controls

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent proinflammatory condition. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 fatty acid obtained through the diet, is known for its anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to compare DHA concentrations in serum and cervical mucus between women with PCOS and healthy controls. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study included 42 women with PCOS and 42 healthy controls aged 18-40 years. Anthropometric measurements, fasting metabolic and...

Published on: Tue, 30 Dec 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Cigdem Can Bayrak, Bulent Yilmaz, Mehmet Kagitci, Onur Ince, Sibel Mataraci Karakas, Adnan Yilmaz,

Intraovarian Platelet-Rich Plasma Therapy for PCOS: Unanswered Questions and Future Research Directions

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)-related infertility remains a major challenge and the efficacy of conventional treatments is limited in certain patient groups and often fails to address the underlying causes of ovarian dysfunction. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is rich in growth factors and cytokines and has emerged as a potential regenerative therapy for women with a diminished ovarian reserve. Methods: A literature search for studies pertaining to intraovarian PRP administration and...

Published on: Tue, 30 Dec 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Zaher Merhi,

Exploring the Disease Experience in Women with PCOS: A Qualitative Content Analysis

Purpose: This study explored the lived experiences of Korean women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and examined how cultural expectations surrounding femininity and reproductive roles shaped their illness experiences. Methods: In-depth interviews were conducted with fifteen women diagnosed with PCOS at a women's hospital in South Korea. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: Eight themes emerged: (1) A Disease That Doesn't Feel Like a Disease: Ambiguity and...

Published on: Tue, 30 Dec 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Miok Kim, Su Jeong Yi,

Exercise Snacks as a Strategy to Interrupt Sedentary Behavior: A Systematic Review of Health Outcomes and Feasibility

Background/Objectives: This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility of "exercise snacks," brief, intermittent bouts of physical activity designed to interrupt prolonged sedentary behavior. The review synthesized findings across metabolic, cardiovascular, cognitive, and functional health domains to identify consistent patterns of benefit and determine their practical applicability across populations. Methods: A total of 26 studies met inclusion criteria, encompassing...

Published on: Tue, 30 Dec 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Dan Iulian Alexe, Sohom Saha, Prashant Kumar Choudhary, Cristina Ioana Alexe, Suchishrava Choudhary, Dragoș Ioan Tohănean,

From Gynecological Endocrine Disorders to Cardiovascular Risk: Insights from Rat Models

Gynecological endocrine disorders, including polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis as well as primary ovarian insufficiency (POI)/premature ovarian failure (POF), significantly impact women's reproductive health and overall well-being. While these conditions are primarily driven by disturbances of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, yet growing evidence indicates that oxidative stress plays a crucial role in their development and progression. The combined impact of hormonal...

Published on: Tue, 30 Dec 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Csanád Endre Lőrincz, Zoltán Virág, András Nagy, Viktória Kiss, Ákos Tóbiás, Denise Börzsei, Csaba Varga, Renáta Szabó,

Multivariate Profiles of Female Sexual Function: A Cluster Analysis of FSFI Domains in Women with and Without PCOS

Background/Objectives: Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) is common in PCOS, yet mean group comparisons can mask variability at the individual level. We aimed to identify and characterize person-centered profiles of sexual function from the six FSFI (Female Sexual Function Index) domains, and secondarily to describe the distribution of PCOS across profiles. Methods: In an age- and anthropometry-matched case-control sample, unsupervised clustering on FSFI domains was performed; clinical and...

Published on: Tue, 30 Dec 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Andrei Daescu, Ana-Maria Cristina Daescu, Liana Dehelean, Dan-Bogdan Navolan, Alexandru-Ioan Gaitoane, Dana Stoian,

Long-Term Follow-Up and Risk of PCOS in Indiana Girls with a History of Premature Adrenarche-A Single Center Experience

Background/Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate rates of self-reported Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), metabolic abnormalities and age of menarche in girls with a history of Premature Adrenarche (PA) and the association of baseline characteristics with these outcomes. Methods: A retrospective chart review of girls with PA seen between 2005 and 2015 was conducted. Eligible patients (or their mothers in girls <18 years of age) were surveyed by telephone to query whether they had...

Published on: Tue, 30 Dec 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Rita Saroufim, Tari Kurman, Erica A Eugster,