What is PCOS?

What is PCOS?

Despite what the name suggests, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome isn’t just about ovaries—or cysts, for that matter. In fact, many people diagnosed with PCOS don’t have any ovarian cysts at all. Confusing? You’re not alone. The name dates back to how the condition was first described, but science has come a long way since then. Today, we understand that PCOS is really a complex hormonal and metabolic condition that affects far more than reproductive health.

At its core, PCOS is about hormonal imbalance. When key hormones like insulin, androgens (like testosterone), and others are out of sync, they can create a domino effect throughout the body. This hormonal miscommunication can lead to irregular periods, acne, weight changes, hair loss or excess hair growth, difficulty with ovulation or fertility—and that’s just the shortlist. But here’s the thing: PCOS doesn’t follow a single pattern. Some women experience textbook symptoms. Others don’t fit the mold at all. That’s part of what makes PCOS so challenging—and why understanding your unique experience matters.

So, how can the PCOS Association help?

We’re here to offer more than definitions. We’re here to offer direction. Whether you’re newly diagnosed, still searching for answers, or years into your journey and feeling stuck, we’re committed to helping you make sense of PCOS—and make progress.

Here’s what you’ll find at PCOSA:

  • Reliable, science-backed information about what PCOS is (and isn’t)

  • 💬 Supportive communities of people who understand exactly what you’re going through

  • 🧬 Resources for navigating fertility, metabolic health, nutrition, and more

  • 🧠 Education for providers who want to better support their PCOS patients

  • 🙋‍♀️ Advocacy to make sure PCOS is recognized, researched, and respected

No fluff. No fad cures. Just real support, grounded in evidence and compassion.

At PCOSA, we believe every person with PCOS deserves to be informed, empowered, and heard. Wherever you are in your journey, we’re honored to walk with you.

pcos

pcos: Latest results from PubMed

Impact of Diane-35 on Hormone Levels and Pregnancy Outcomes in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Retrospective Analysis

CONCLUSION: This study confirms the significant efficacy of Diane-35 combined with metformin in improving hormone levels and pregnancy outcomes in PCOS patients, but it should be noted that retrospective design may have selection bias, short-term observation (12 months) limits long-term safety evaluation, and insufficient sample size limits subgroup analysis (such as differences in efficacy among different BMI stratification). Future multicenter prospective studies are needed for validation.

Published on: Thu, 25 Dec 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Dongmei Ji, Hanping Gu, Huixia Wang,

Utilization of Posterior Column Osteotomies Prior to Optical-Guided Navigation in Instrumented Lumbar Spine Surgery

Optical topographic imaging (OTI)-guided navigation allows for accurate navigation even after posterior column osteotomies (PCOs), giving spine surgeons the option to place instrumentation after PCOs. Preoperative computed tomography (CT) imaging can be used safely and effectively for optical-guided navigation in cases where PCOs are performed. A middle-aged woman presented with symptomatic adult idiopathic scoliosis (AdIS). After unsuccessful conservative treatment, she underwent spinal...

Published on: Thu, 25 Dec 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Alexander J Schupper, Jeremy Steinberger, James Lin,

Rna analysis of the regulation of expression and alternative splicing in polycystic ovarian syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder whose pathophysiological mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Alternative splicing of transcription factors (TFs) may lead to significant functional consequences in the pathogenesis of PCOS. This study investigated genome-wide AS patterns and the expression of key TFs in PCOS to identify functionally relevant splicing events in a human dataset and validate them in a mouse model. Bioinformatics analysis of a PCOS RNA-seq...

Published on: Thu, 25 Dec 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Qi Zhang, Shujuan Zhu, Bin Jiang,

Effects of high basal luteinizing hormone levels on in vitro fertilization/intra-cytoplasmic injection outcomes in polycystic ovarian syndrome: a retrospective study

CONCLUSIONS: Elevated basal LH levels did not impair the outcome of fresh embryo transfer in women with PCOS undergoing IVF/ICSI. However, the number of retrieved oocytes and the OHSS rate were significantly higher in patients with high basal LH levels. The GnRH-ant protocol is an efficient alternative for this subpopulation, particularly regarding stimulation efficiency.

Published on: Thu, 25 Dec 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Hongfa Peng, Lu Wang, Jingjing Jiang, Ting Pan, Yang Yang, Na Cui, Yanan Sun, Guimin Hao, Wei Wang,

IMG-A1: A Novel Immortalized Granulosa Cell Line for Investigating FSH-Dependent Folliculogenesis and Ovarian Pathophysiology

The study of ovarian biology is hampered by the lack of in vitro models that faithfully recapitulate the physiology of granulosa cells (GCs). Primary GCs have a limited lifespan, while most immortalized lines are tumor-derived and exhibit non-physiological hormonal responses. The purpose of this study was to develop and characterize a novel immortalized GC line with a stable, physiologically relevant phenotype. We immortalized primary murine GCs from early antral follicles using lentiviral...

Published on: Wed, 24 Dec 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Nina M Alyoshina, Evgenii S Ruchko, Maria D Tkachenko, Daria M Potashnikova, Mikhail A Lazarev, Yulia O Nikishina, Mariya S Vildanova, Ilia I Zakharov, Viktoria V Konduktorova, Olga P Kisurina-Evgenieva, Denis A Nikishin,

Increased prospective cardiovascular disease risk in 127,517 Nordic women with polycystic ovary syndrome. A national cohort study

CONCLUSION: The risk of CVD was increased in women with PCOS across the three Nordic countries, also among women with BMI < 25 kg/m2.

Published on: Wed, 24 Dec 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Dorte Glintborg, Meri-Maija Ollila, Noona Koskenkari, Jens-Jakob Kjer Møller, Daniella Calla, Frida Gyllenberg, Katrine Hass Rubin, Paula Pesonen, Marianne Skovsager Andersen, Inger Sundström-Poromaa, Terhi Piltonen,

The composition of lower genital tract microbiota correlates with in vitro fertilization and frozen embryo transfer outcomes in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome

Adverse reproductive outcomes remain a significant concern for women of reproductive age with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), yet the role of the lower genital tract (LGT) microenvironment has been largely overlooked. This study aimed to investigate the association between the LGT microbiome and the outcomes of in vitro fertilization and frozen embryo transfer (IVF-FET) in women with PCOS. A total of 191 reproductive-aged women undergoing assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment...

Published on: Wed, 24 Dec 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Yaoyao Tu, Zhiyang Zhou, Ye Lu, Bin Wei, Yingzhou Ge, Guolian Ding, Xi Dong, Jianzhong Sheng, Yixiang Zhang, Li Jin, Hefeng Huang,

Correction to: Ovarian ferroptosis induced by androgen is involved in pathogenesis of PCOS

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1093/hropen/hoae013.].

Published on: Wed, 24 Dec 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors:

Association between fibrocystic breast disease and polycystic ovarian syndrome phenotypes: A cross-sectional study

CONCLUSION: The findings of this study indicate that PCOS, particularly in phenotypes associated with hyperandrogenism and anovulation, is significantly associated with an increased prevalence of FBD. These results underscore the importance of breast health screening and monitoring in women with PCOS.

Published on: Wed, 24 Dec 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Ramesh Baradaran Bagheri, Leila Hajimaghsoudi, Seyedeh Sanaz Mirrahimi, Abolfazl Mahmoudnezhad Atash Beyg,

Global, Regional, and National Burden of Endometriosis, PCOS, and Unexplained Infertility and Their Attribution to Infertility, 1990-2021: Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

CONCLUSIONS: The increasing global burden of endometriosis, PCOS, and unexplained infertility among WCBA has significantly contributed to rising infertility rates, with distinct regional and demographic disparities. Targeted public health strategies are needed to address these trends.

Published on: Wed, 24 Dec 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Ye Xu, Yulong Jia, Qianrui Li, Hao Jiang, Yiquan Xiong, Wengxue Liang, Xuehong Liu, Yunxiang Huang, Kang Zou, Xin Sun, Jing Tan, Yan Ren,

The mechanism study of targeting DPP4 in regulating ferroptosis and its influence on endometrial receptivity in PCOS

CONCLUSION: Reducing DPP4 expression not only inhibited ferroptosis but also improved the PCOS phenotype of the endometrium, ultimately influencing changes in endometrial receptivity, and indicating the ferroptosis-related protein DPP4 as a promising therapeutic target.

Published on: Wed, 24 Dec 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Jian Zhang, Ruifang Wang, Xiuli Tian, Nan Ding, Yajun He, Kexin Wang, Chengbin Tao, Jiao Cai, Qiliang Jian, Fang Wang,

The impact of vitamin D supplementation on anti-Müllerian hormone levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis

CONCLUSIONS: Despite the inconclusive and conflicting evidence on the relationship between vitamin D supplementation and AMH levels in women, it is evident that vitamin D may play a role in mitigating the negative impact of AMH on follicular development and granulosa cell differentiation.

Published on: Wed, 24 Dec 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Parmis Mirzaei, Ghazaleh Eslamian, Mohammad Hassan Sohouli, Zeinab S Tadayoni,

Comparative study of two ovulation induction therapies and laparoscopic ovarian drilling on clinical outcomes in women with clomiphene citrate-resistant polycystic ovary syndrome

CONCLUSION: Gonadotropins and letrozole are more effective than unilateral LOD for inducing ovulation and achieving pregnancy in women with CC-resistant PCOS. Nevertheless, LOD remains a viable alternative, offering the advantage of lower rates of multiple pregnancy and OHSS.

Published on: Wed, 24 Dec 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Safaa Ibrahim Mahmoud, Zeinab Ali Mohamed Ahmedy, Ahmed Nagy Shaker, Mamdouh Sheeba, Mai Nabil Ageez,

MicroRNA Crossroads in PCOS and Endometriosis

In the intricate landscape of health disorders in women, polycystic ovary syndrome and endometriosis stand out. Despite their complete etiology being unknown, their impact on women's health and link to hereditary factors have given them the spotlight in the world of gynaecology and endocrinology. These two conditions although vastly different, share common symptoms, clinical manifestations, pathways and genetic and epigenetic factors and regulators [10, 39]. Decoding the link between the two...

Published on: Tue, 23 Dec 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Girrijha Sambath, Januki Kalai, Usha Rani G, Jabez William Osborne, Ravindran Sumitha, Venkatachalam Deepa Parvathi,

Evaluating the performance of maternal risk factors in predicting gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis

CONCLUSIONS: Previous macrosomia and previous GDM are clinically essential risk factors with the highest discriminatory power, indicated by an AUC >0.7. Combining risk factors improves predictive performance, reaching an AUC of 0.88. Our findings highlight the need to enhance existing risk-based screening tools for early detection of GDM and to prevent its adverse pregnancy outcomes and future cardiometabolic risks.

Published on: Tue, 23 Dec 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Alemu Degu Ayele, Getnet Gedefaw Azeze, Beklau Kassie Alemu, Yao Wang, Chi Chiu Wang,