What is PCOS?

What is PCOS?

Despite what the name suggests, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome isn’t just about ovaries—or cysts, for that matter. In fact, many people diagnosed with PCOS don’t have any ovarian cysts at all. Confusing? You’re not alone. The name dates back to how the condition was first described, but science has come a long way since then. Today, we understand that PCOS is really a complex hormonal and metabolic condition that affects far more than reproductive health.

At its core, PCOS is about hormonal imbalance. When key hormones like insulin, androgens (like testosterone), and others are out of sync, they can create a domino effect throughout the body. This hormonal miscommunication can lead to irregular periods, acne, weight changes, hair loss or excess hair growth, difficulty with ovulation or fertility—and that’s just the shortlist. But here’s the thing: PCOS doesn’t follow a single pattern. Some women experience textbook symptoms. Others don’t fit the mold at all. That’s part of what makes PCOS so challenging—and why understanding your unique experience matters.

So, how can the PCOS Association help?

We’re here to offer more than definitions. We’re here to offer direction. Whether you’re newly diagnosed, still searching for answers, or years into your journey and feeling stuck, we’re committed to helping you make sense of PCOS—and make progress.

Here’s what you’ll find at PCOSA:

  • Reliable, science-backed information about what PCOS is (and isn’t)

  • 💬 Supportive communities of people who understand exactly what you’re going through

  • 🧬 Resources for navigating fertility, metabolic health, nutrition, and more

  • 🧠 Education for providers who want to better support their PCOS patients

  • 🙋‍♀️ Advocacy to make sure PCOS is recognized, researched, and respected

No fluff. No fad cures. Just real support, grounded in evidence and compassion.

At PCOSA, we believe every person with PCOS deserves to be informed, empowered, and heard. Wherever you are in your journey, we’re honored to walk with you.

pcos

pcos: Latest results from PubMed

Progressive impact of polycystic ovary syndrome on hormonal alteration, bone microarchitecture and mechanical properties

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by reproductive and metabolic dysfunction that may also impact bone metabolism and its structural integrity. This study aims to assess the progressive impact of PCOS on bone health over time. It focuses on how the duration of the condition influences hormonal profiles, bone metabolism, its microstructural and mechanical properties in the PCOS-induced mice model. Female BALB/c mice are separated into three groups, each further subdivided into PCOS...

Published on: Fri, 09 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Sarita Pandey, Saroj Kumar, Madhu Gupta, Shweta Shukla, Ramesh Chaurasiya, Hina Masroor, Aditi Singh, Navin Kumar, Md Arshad,

Idiopathic Hyperprolactinemia: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, Management, and Clinical Outcome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a multifactorial endocrine disorder often presenting with menstrual irregularities, hyperandrogenism, and metabolic dysfunction. Hyperprolactinemia, characterized by elevated prolactin levels, may share overlapping features with PCOS and complicate diagnosis. When these two conditions coexist, they present unique clinical and management challenges. A 25-year-old woman with a history of PCOS presented with amenorrhea, progressive weight gain, and irregular...

Published on: Fri, 09 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Olabosipo Sholuade, Goodness Njoku, Suma Kaza, Reshma A Fatteh, Manoj Kollukkad, Charles Edwards,

Ameliorative effects of Corchorus olitorius leaf ethanolic extract on letrozole-induced polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in rats

CONCLUSION: These results suggest that C. olitorius leaves ameliorate PCOS symptoms in the studied biochemical and histological parameters.

Published on: Fri, 09 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Udoh Ekaette Sunday, Essiet Grace Akanimo, Victor Udo Nna, Umoren Inyang Arit, Ugbem Theophilius Ipeh, Lapeh Pierre Takem, Umiom Edem,

Efficacy of liraglutide on metabolic and reproductive outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Overweight or obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) frequently exhibit metabolic disturbances and reproductive dysfunction. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the efficacy and safety of liraglutide in improving metabolic and reproductive outcomes in this population. PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science and ClinicalTrials.gov were systematically searched from inception to 31 May 2025 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing liraglutide...

Published on: Fri, 09 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Yu-Ting Lu, Po-Han Chang, Hsuan-Ju Chen, Ya-Wen Hsueh, Chia-Wei Chang, Hsi-Chen Hsu, Tung-Chuan Yang, Wu-Chou Lin, Hsun-Ming Chang,

Transvaginal ovarian drilling prior to a second IVF cycle may improve the rate of euploidy in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome when compared to controls

CONCLUSION: TVOD appears to have positively impacted the yield of transferable embryos and euploid embryos in patients with PCOS when compared to a well-matched control.

Published on: Thu, 08 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Moses Bibi, Sarah Rubin, Kaleb Noruzi, Rachel Stern, Shmuel Sashitzky, Adi Steinhart, Martin D Keltz,

Non-Hormonal Pharmacological Interventions in Adolescent Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): A Systematic Review

CONCLUSION: Metformin appears to have some benefits for adolescents with PCOS, offering some metabolic and menstrual benefits based on a small number of observational studies and small RCTs. SPIOMET and flutamide & metformin show superior, multi-domain efficacy but should be studied in larger RCTs. Critical gaps include adolescent-specific GLP-1RA data and standardised outcome measures to guide optimal non-hormonal strategies.

Published on: Thu, 08 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Rhea Sibal, Morgan Keogh, Pallavi Latthe, Jan Idkowiak,

Unmet clinical needs in women with polycystic ovary syndrome regarding chronic non-communicable diseases: A cross‑sectional study

CONCLUSION: Women with PCOS remain at high risk for NCDs (CVD, diabetes, endometrial cancer, OSA), yet experience substantial gaps in risk awareness, monitoring, and counseling. Addressing these deficiencies through improved clinical practice, education and adopting holistic PCOS management that balances NCD prevention with infertility concerns, is essential for safeguarding long-term health.

Published on: Thu, 08 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Susanne Theis, Elena Pavicic, Julia Estermann, Norman Bitterlich, Hamideh Frühwein, Petra Stute,

Interpreting the molecular and cellular landscape of PCOS through bulk transcriptomics, single-cell transcriptomics and machine learning

CONCLUSIONS: Our findings delineate a previously unrecognized cellular landscape and gene signature associated with PCOS, thereby proposing novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets.

Published on: Thu, 08 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Kangjie Xu, Shuyun Zhang, Lijuan Guo, Tongtong Liu, Ying Li, Yanhua Zhang,

Functional impact of IL-36γ rs28947206/rs28947207 and IL-17 a rs2275913 polymorphisms in polycystic ovary syndrome: Novel insights from the Iraqi population

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects 4-21 % of reproductive-aged women, with elevated prevalence in Iraq. It involves chronic inflammation and dysregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines. This study investigates serum IL-17 A levels and its rs2275913 polymorphism, alongside the novel relevance of IL-36γ and its rs28947206/rs28947207 variants in PCOS pathogenesis. A total of 178 women underwent clinical, hormonal, and cytokine profiling. Genetic analysis was performed on a subset (n = 63) using...

Published on: Wed, 07 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Halah Amer Abduljabbar, Methaq J Al-Jboori, Manal Taha Al-Obeidi, Majid Mohammed Mahmood,

Structure and ligand based high throughput virtual screening against 3-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type-1 for drug development to treat PCOS

A hormonal disorder that severely affects women's routine physical and emotional life is PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome). It has been witnessed as a heavily detrimental and most threatening disorder, causing multiple complications, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and endometrial carcinoma. One of the major causes of PCOS is hyperandrogenism, which results in the dysfunction of the ovaries. The enzyme responsible for such excessive production of androgen is 3-beta hydroxysteroid...

Published on: Wed, 07 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Thipshika Thairishi Ranjan, Gunasekaran Krishnasamy,

Psychological stress and functional ovarian suppression in women with PCOM: an observational study of FHA-like neuroendocrine phenotypes

CONCLUSION: Chronic psychological stress in women with PCOM is associated with functional suppression of LH and ovarian endocrine output, reflecting an attenuation of the typical PCOS endocrine phenotype despite the polycystic ovarian morphology. Leptin modulates individual susceptibility to stress-induced reproductive suppression, acting as a potential permissive signal of hypothalamic resilience. Assessing gonadotropin ratios and metabolic context may improve diagnostic accuracy in women with...

Published on: Wed, 07 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Vanessa Silva, Sérgio Soares, Rui Miguelote,

Characteristic Gut Microbiota in PCOS-IR Patients and Its Association with Endocrine Features

CONCLUSION: Our findings show that gut microbiota disturbance leads to endocrine and metabolic features resembling PCOS-IR. The gut microbiota, particularly Fusobacterium, could serve as a clinical marker and potential therapeutic target for people with PCOS-IR. This study provides mechanistic insights into how gut microbiota contributes to PCOS-IR pathogenesis.

Published on: Wed, 07 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Wenyi Liang, Yanning Yao, Xinyang Ren, Anran Xue, Mengcheng Cai, Jin Yu, Chaoqin Yu, Ling Zhou, DongXia Zhai,

Effect of Myo-Inositol Treatment on Serum Asprosin Levels of Pregnant Women: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Pilot Study

CONCLUSIONS: Asprosin may be modulated by myo-inositol. This opens the possibility of considering this adipokine as a useful marker of insulin resistance to assess in pregnant women and to efficaciously target in clinical practice. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05943158.

Published on: Wed, 07 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Ali Cenk Özay, Özlen Emekçi Özay, Oğuz Han Edebal, Yusuf Özay, Mario Montanino Oliva, Simona Dinicola, Vittorio Unfer,

CL22209, a standardized Asparagus racemosus root extract, demonstrates improved ovarian morphology, menstrual regularity, and metabolic parameters in women with polycystic ovary syndrome in a randomized, controlled trial

CONCLUSION: CL22209 was well-tolerated and demonstrated broad-spectrum efficacy in women diagnosed with PCOS, improving ovarian morphology, metabolic health, and androgen-mediated symptoms. Future studies with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up durations would help to further validate these findings and clarify CL22209's role in the management of PCOS.

Published on: Wed, 07 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Sridevi Kondamudi, Sravanthi Sadu, Sujatha Deva, Aishwarya Yalamanchi, Amulya Yalamanchi,

Efficacy of sequential letrozole and gonadotropin therapy for ovulation induction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis

CONCLUSION: The treatment group saw a significant rise in ovulation rates and endometrial thickness. Sequential letrozole and gonadotropin therapy (LE + G) may hold clinical significance, but further large-scale, high-quality studies are necessary to establish conclusive evidence.

Published on: Wed, 07 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Waseem Sajjad, Muhammad Nabeel Saddique, Fatima Shahid, Anam Ijaz, Muhammad Atif Bashir, Muhammad Safiullah, Ursula Abu Nahla, Mohammad Rayyan Naseer, Malik Saad Hayat, Muhammad Hassan Zaman, Muhammad Usman, Basir Afzaal Gill,