What is PCOS?

What is PCOS?

Despite what the name suggests, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome isn’t just about ovaries—or cysts, for that matter. In fact, many people diagnosed with PCOS don’t have any ovarian cysts at all. Confusing? You’re not alone. The name dates back to how the condition was first described, but science has come a long way since then. Today, we understand that PCOS is really a complex hormonal and metabolic condition that affects far more than reproductive health.

At its core, PCOS is about hormonal imbalance. When key hormones like insulin, androgens (like testosterone), and others are out of sync, they can create a domino effect throughout the body. This hormonal miscommunication can lead to irregular periods, acne, weight changes, hair loss or excess hair growth, difficulty with ovulation or fertility—and that’s just the shortlist. But here’s the thing: PCOS doesn’t follow a single pattern. Some women experience textbook symptoms. Others don’t fit the mold at all. That’s part of what makes PCOS so challenging—and why understanding your unique experience matters.

So, how can the PCOS Association help?

We’re here to offer more than definitions. We’re here to offer direction. Whether you’re newly diagnosed, still searching for answers, or years into your journey and feeling stuck, we’re committed to helping you make sense of PCOS—and make progress.

Here’s what you’ll find at PCOSA:

  • Reliable, science-backed information about what PCOS is (and isn’t)

  • 💬 Supportive communities of people who understand exactly what you’re going through

  • 🧬 Resources for navigating fertility, metabolic health, nutrition, and more

  • 🧠 Education for providers who want to better support their PCOS patients

  • 🙋‍♀️ Advocacy to make sure PCOS is recognized, researched, and respected

No fluff. No fad cures. Just real support, grounded in evidence and compassion.

At PCOSA, we believe every person with PCOS deserves to be informed, empowered, and heard. Wherever you are in your journey, we’re honored to walk with you.

pcos

pcos: Latest results from PubMed

Asprosin, but not subfatin, associated with non-obese polycystic ovary syndrome

CONCLUSIONS: Asprosin, but not subfatin, was significantly elevated in non-obese women with PCOS. It may serve as a marker of PCOS independent of insulin resistance in normal-weight women.

Published on: Thu, 19 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Reha Baran, Suzan Tabur, Seyithan Taysı, Esma Gülsun Arslan Cellat,

Microbial Dysbiosis and Pathogenic Interplay in the Gut-Vaginal Axis: Implications for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Critical Review

PCOS is the most common endocrine condition among reproductive-age women. This disorder causes irregular menstrual periods, increased hair growth, anovulation, and pregnancy difficulties. PCOS affects more than reproductive health. Recent PCOS research has focused on the Gut-Vaginal Axis, stressing the gut-vaginal microbiota reciprocal interaction. Modern society's ubiquitous stress affects hormonal activity. Stress-induced hormonal shifts may alter the vaginal and gut microbiomes These...

Published on: Thu, 19 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Gokul Sudhakaran, A R Sreekutty, Ki Choon Choi, M Valan Arasu, Ajay Guru, S Karthick Raja Namasivayam, Jesu Arockiaraj,

Flavonoids and polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous endocrine disorder affecting women, characterized by irregular menstrual cycles, elevated androgen levels, and ovulatory dysfunction. Current clinical treatments, such as combined oral contraceptive pills (COCP), metformin, and clomiphene, can alleviate symptoms but are often associated with adverse effects including gastrointestinal discomfort, the risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), and potential deterioration of cardiometabolic...

Published on: Thu, 19 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Hao Shen, Yu Liu,

Burden and Risk Factor Patterns of Reproductive System Tumors and Non-Tumor Diseases Among Asian Women, 1990-2021: Evidence from the GBD Study

CONCLUSION: Female reproductive system diseases impose a substantial and heterogeneous burden across Asia. Although malignant cancers remain the main contributors to mortality and DALYs, non-malignant disorders increasingly affect reproductive health, particularly among younger women. Prevention strategies tailored to SDI levels and major risk factors are needed to reduce the overall disease burden across the region.

Published on: Thu, 19 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Xinyi Xiong, Yuming Yao, Guang Yang, Chiayen Lin,

Efficacy of stepwise extended letrozole treatment in patients with resistant polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing intrauterine insemination: A 7-year retrospective cohort study

CONCLUSION: The stepwise extended LE regimen appears to be a feasible option for LE-resistant PCOS; however, its efficacy must be further explored and validated in prospective randomized studies.

Published on: Thu, 19 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Vyjayanthi Srinivasan,

Advances in the management of osteopenia: a case series

CONCLUSION: Despite the preliminary nature of the obtained data, combined supplementation exerted positive effects on bone metabolism by influencing serum levels of both vitamin D and osteocalcin, thus suggesting enhanced bone formation. Biochemical improvements support the potential of D-chiro-inositol and α-lactalbumin, in addition to traditional supplements, as a therapeutic strategy for managing osteopenia, even though further clinical studies are needed to clarify the effects and related...

Published on: Thu, 19 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Maurizio Nordio, Roberto Baldelli,

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome - exploring the therapeutic and biomedical insights into the role of Silver nanoparticles

A prevalent endocrinopathy affecting reproductive-age women is polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), which affects around 5% to 20% of these individuals. PCOS is closely linked to the following causes: immunological, endocrine, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Plant extracts are used in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which are employed for PCOS treatment. Ag NPs can regulate the hormonal imbalance, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines and ovarian cysts in PCOS. Conventional...

Published on: Wed, 18 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Dhanyaa Muthukumaran, None Anitha, Gomathy Baskar, Rajeshkumar Shanmugam,

Heme oxygenase-1 emerges as a critical regulator linking autophagy dysregulation, immune infiltration, and NOD-Like receptor signaling in PCOS pathogenesis

CONCLUSION: HMOX1 appears to act as a molecular nexus connecting impaired autophagy with immune microenvironment alterations in PCOS, highlighting its potential as both a diagnostic marker and a target for immunomodulatory therapy.

Published on: Tue, 17 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Xiaoling Wu, Liansha Huang, Shumin Guo, Hai Zhou,

Androgen dysregulates the follicular extracellular matrix and increases pro-fibrotic gene expression in the mouse ovary

The extracellular matrix (ECM) defines the biomechanical and biochemical microenvironment of tissues, directing cell behaviour and phenotype. In the ovary, ECM must dynamically remodel in each cycle under hormonal regulation to control follicle development and produce fertilizable oocytes. Dysregulation of this process may result in aberrant formation of ECM as seen in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) whose pathology includes fibrosis of the ovary and which is a major cause of infertility. PCOS...

Published on: Tue, 17 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Thomas I R Hopkins, Avigdor Lerner, Iain E Dunlop, Stephen Franks, Kate Hardy,

Vitamin D supplementation before in vitro fertilisation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: multicentre, double blind, placebo controlled, randomised clinical trial

CONCLUSIONS: Although vitamin D supplementation (4000 IU/day) for up to 90 days increases serum 25-OHD levels, this does not translate to improved live birth rates after the first transfer for patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Published on: Tue, 17 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Kai-Lun Hu, Tingting Liao, Qiongfang Wu, Xiang Ma, Yunxia Cao, Jichun Tan, Lifeng Tian, Jing Wang, Jingwen Yin, Yifeng Liu, Junzhao Zhao, Shuyun Zhao, Mengxi Li, Lingbo Cai, Fen-Ting Liu, Kwanghann Gan, Yuping Xu, Yixian Wang, Jie Cai, Beihong Zheng, Yanlin Ma, Qianhong Ma, Jie Zheng, Xin Pu, Hongyan Zhang, Cuifang Hao, Qingzhen Xie, Cuilian Zhang, Lei Jiang, Su Zhang, Liping Yan, Qingxia Meng, Wentao Li, Ben W Mol, Rong Li, Rui Wang, Dan Zhang, VitD-PCOS trial group,

Review on 11-Oxygenated steroids in hormone-related diseases: polycystic ovary syndrome, endometrial cancer, prostate cancer

11-oxygenated androgens and oestrogens are biologically active molecules and have increasingly recognised roles in hormone dependent diseases. However, a comprehensive synthesis of existing evidence across major sex hormone-related conditions is still lacking. This review summarises current literature investigating the associations between 11-oxygenated sex steroids and three hormone dependent disorders - polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometrial cancer (EC), and prostate cancer (PC)....

Published on: Tue, 17 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Xiaoman Jin, Henrica M J Werner, Andrea Romano,

GLP-1 receptor agonist treatment in women with polycystic ovary syndrome - a systematic review and meta-analysis

CONCLUSION: GLP-1-RAs are associated with modest short-term weight loss in women with PCOS and overweight or obesity. Evidence for benefits on metabolic, reproductive, or psychological outcomes remains uncertain due to low-quality data, and no studies have evaluated cost-effectiveness.

Published on: Tue, 17 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Maria Forslund, Per Wändell, Lisa Forsberg, Marie Österberg, Jessica Dagerhamn, Emma Wernersson, Maja Kärrman Fredriksson, Anna Ringborg, Angelica Lindén Hirschberg,

An early LH surge may jeopardize ART outcomes of patients with PCOS and its predictive models

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to investigate whether an early LH surge during controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) affects pregnancy outcomes in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) undergoing assisted reproductive technology (ART), and to explore methods for identifying high-risk patients for early intervention. In a retrospective case-control analysis of 786 PCOS cycles, an early LH surge was found to significantly increase the spontaneous abortion rate and reduce the live birth rate in...

Published on: Tue, 17 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Xiaohui Ji, Huayang Xia, Ting Liang, Haiyan Lin, Yabo Yang, Wenqing Que, Qinxue Zhang, Hui Chen, Qi Qiu, Lina Wei, Yi Li,

Incidence of meningioma in women with a history of combined oral contraceptive pill use and polycystic ovary syndrome

CONCLUSION: Findings suggest a potential protective association between combined OCP use and meningioma that remained significant after controlling for obesity, PCOS status, and race. Additionally, this study found that meningioma risk in patients with PCOS differed based on obesity status.

Published on: Tue, 17 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Emily Edwards, Kathryn Tsai, Suguna Pappu, Heidi Gaddey, Tyler B Nofzinger, Emily Vachon, Bryan McConomy,

Racial Disparities in Severe Maternal Morbidity Among Patients with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

CONCLUSION: Racial disparities in SMM persisted among patients with PCOS despite adjustment for comorbidities and hospital factors. Race-conscious prenatal care and structural interventions are needed to reduce inequities.

Published on: Tue, 17 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Carolyn Robb, Rebecca Strafella, Jay Ayar, Rahi Desai, Annieka Reno, Noa Grunfeld, Elizabeth Drugge, Vani Dandolu,