What is PCOS?

What is PCOS?

Despite what the name suggests, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome isn’t just about ovaries—or cysts, for that matter. In fact, many people diagnosed with PCOS don’t have any ovarian cysts at all. Confusing? You’re not alone. The name dates back to how the condition was first described, but science has come a long way since then. Today, we understand that PCOS is really a complex hormonal and metabolic condition that affects far more than reproductive health.

At its core, PCOS is about hormonal imbalance. When key hormones like insulin, androgens (like testosterone), and others are out of sync, they can create a domino effect throughout the body. This hormonal miscommunication can lead to irregular periods, acne, weight changes, hair loss or excess hair growth, difficulty with ovulation or fertility—and that’s just the shortlist. But here’s the thing: PCOS doesn’t follow a single pattern. Some women experience textbook symptoms. Others don’t fit the mold at all. That’s part of what makes PCOS so challenging—and why understanding your unique experience matters.

So, how can the PCOS Association help?

We’re here to offer more than definitions. We’re here to offer direction. Whether you’re newly diagnosed, still searching for answers, or years into your journey and feeling stuck, we’re committed to helping you make sense of PCOS—and make progress.

Here’s what you’ll find at PCOSA:

  • Reliable, science-backed information about what PCOS is (and isn’t)

  • 💬 Supportive communities of people who understand exactly what you’re going through

  • 🧬 Resources for navigating fertility, metabolic health, nutrition, and more

  • 🧠 Education for providers who want to better support their PCOS patients

  • 🙋‍♀️ Advocacy to make sure PCOS is recognized, researched, and respected

No fluff. No fad cures. Just real support, grounded in evidence and compassion.

At PCOSA, we believe every person with PCOS deserves to be informed, empowered, and heard. Wherever you are in your journey, we’re honored to walk with you.

pcos

pcos: Latest results from PubMed

Investigating the impact of phthalate exposure on endocrine function in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

CONCLUSION: This study underscores the elevated levels of MEHP and DEHP in women with PCOS, highlighting the potential influence of these environmental toxins in PCOS pathogenesis.

Published on: Mon, 12 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Jalpa Patel, Hiral Chaudhary, Sonal Panchal, Kiransinh Rajput, Rushikesh Joshi,

Metabolic and Hormonal Impact of Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study from South India

CONCLUSION: SCH is a common and metabolically relevant comorbidity in women with PCOS, aggravating insulin resistance and dyslipi-demia without significantly affecting reproductive hormones. These findings highlight the need for routine thyroid function screening in PCOS management, especially among those with metabolic syndrome features. Further longitudinal studies are warranted to evaluate the benefits of targeted thyroid intervention in this subgroup.

Published on: Mon, 12 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Anand Acharya, Renu Sulakhe, Varada A Hasamnis, Abinash Panda,

Fetal Ovarian Cyst Associated With Disorders of Sex Development: A Case Report

Ovarian cyst is a frequent abdominal tumor in female fetuses (1/2,600 live births), but its prenatal diagnosis can be challenging in the context of ambiguous genitalia. The most common cause of genital virilization in female fetuses is congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), which results from the overproduction of androgen hormones. These hormones may influence the fetal ovary in a way comparable to polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) in adults, leading to the development of an ovarian cyst that...

Published on: Mon, 12 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Ana Sofia Rosado-Guzmán, Zaira Vanessa Escobedo-Enríquez, Abril Adriana Arellano-Llamas, Omar Rodolfo Sánchez Balpuesta, Cristo Neftaly Pérez-Lemus,

Therapeutic effects of Angelica gigas Nakai in experimental rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome with network pharmacology

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder in reproductive-aged women, characterized by disrupted ovarian function due to multiple factors. Angelica gigas Nakai (AG), known for its multi-compound and multi-target properties, was investigated as a potential therapy using an integrated approach combining network pharmacology and experimental validation. Active compounds of AG were matched with PCOS-related genes, and 45 overlapping targets were identified. Network analysis...

Published on: Mon, 12 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Bomee Lee, Go Woon Lee, La Yoon Choi, Sujin Kwon, Yong-Deok Jeon, Mi Hye Kim, Sae Hun Kim,

Prevalence and Predictors of Metabolic Syndrome in Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study

CONCLUSION: Nearly half of women with PCOS had MetS, predominantly driven by obesity, central adiposity, and insulin resistance. Routine metabolic screening, early lifestyle modification, and integrated management are essential to prevent long-term cardiometabolic complications in this high-risk group.

Published on: Mon, 12 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Shubu Shruthi, Geetha Lakshmi, Meena T S, Jasmine Kavitha Washington,

Comparative Analysis of Heart Rate Variability in Women with and Without Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that women with PCOS may have an increased risk of cardiometabolic complications due to autonomic dysfunction. Early HRV assessment could serve as a non-invasive tool for identifying at-risk individuals.

Published on: Mon, 12 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Sivaranjani Sarathivarman, Prabhavathi Krishnan, Keerthi Ravi, Bhavisha Sreenivasan Leelabai, Thamarai Selvi Kanagaraj, Saravanan Ayyavoo, Panneerselvam Periasamy,

C-peptide in polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine condition in women of reproductive age, characterized by irregular menstruation, hyperandrogenism, and the presence of ovarian cysts. The fundamental pathophysiology is intricate, encompassing insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and impaired hormonal control. C-peptide, a consequence of insulin production, has emerged as a valuable biomarker for evaluating insulin resistance and beta-cell functionality in PCOS. Although previously deemed...

Published on: Sat, 10 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Faezeh Mahd Gharebagh, Sana Najafi, Asra Zeinalpour, Rozhina Sadat Pirouzmand, Hojat Ghasemnejad-Berenji, Mortaza Taheri-Anganeh,

AMH levels and diagnosis in PCOS phenotype D

CONCLUSIONS: Serum AMH is a valuable biomarker for diagnosing PCOS phenotype D. The use of age-specific AMH cut-off values may improve diagnostic accuracy and facilitate earlier recognition of this frequently underdiagnosed PCOS subtype.

Published on: Sat, 10 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Xiaofang Xuan, Minxia Zhang, Yaqi Fang, Liyun Su, Ke Xu,

Impact of vitamin D deficiency on phenotypes and IVF outcomes in PCOS: a prospective study

CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D deficiency is correlated with worse parameters, especially higher androstenedione concentrations in infertile women with PCOS. Vitamin D deficiency has no correlation with clinical pregnancy or early miscarriage in women with PCOS undergoing IVF/ICSI treatment.

Published on: Sat, 10 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Fei Zhao, Duo Wen, Lin Zeng, Lixue Chen, Rong Li, Hongbin Chi,

Microbiota and infertility: a translational review of mechanisms and clinical applications in assisted reproduction

Infertility constitutes a major global health concern, affecting approximately 17.5% of couples of reproductive age. Although advances in assisted reproductive technologies (ART) have expanded treatment options, success rates remain highly variable due to host-specific and biological determinants. This review synthesizes current evidence on the reproductive impact of the human microbiota and its translational relevance to ART outcomes. Vaginal microbial communities dominated by Lactobacillus,...

Published on: Sat, 10 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Bixiu Du, Yaru Yang, Lang He, Ying Tang,

Lifestyle and Selected Issues Related to Sexual Health: The Importance of Specialist Care in Balneology, Dietetics, and Physiotherapy

Background/Objectives: Sexual health is shaped by lifestyle factors alongside biomedical determinants. This review synthesises evidence on physiotherapy, balneology/peloidotherapy, and diet therapy as preventive and therapeutic adjuncts for female sexual dysfunctions and related gynaecological conditions. Methods: A structured narrative review of PubMed and Google Scholar (June-July 2025) was conducted by three independent reviewers using predefined keywords in English and Polish. Case reports,...

Published on: Sat, 10 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Agata Puszcz, Paulina Kozłowska, Justyna Wójcik, Anna Morawska, Małgorzata Wójcik, Katarzyna Plagens-Rotman, Monika Englert-Golon, Jakub Mroczyk, Małgorzata Mizgier, Ewa Jakubek, Magdalena Pisarska-Krawczyk, Stefan Sajdak, Klaudyna Madziar, Witold Kędzia, Grażyna Jarząbek-Bielecka,

Clinical Potential of Curcuma longa Linn. as Nutraceutical/Dietary Supplement for Metabolic Syndrome: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its associated conditions, namely, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), obesity, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are characterized by insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and low-grade inflammation. Curcumin, a polyphenolic compound derived from Curcuma longa Linn., exhibits pleiotropic metabolic and anti-inflammatory properties and has thus been evaluated as a nutraceutical intervention for these conditions, but findings...

Published on: Sat, 10 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Samuel Abiodun Kehinde, Zahid Naeem Qaisrani, Rinrada Pattanayaiying, Bo Bo Lay, Khin Yadanar Phyo, Wai Phyo Lin, Myat Mon San, Nurulhusna Awaeloh, Sasithon Aunsorn, Ran Kitkangplu, Sasitorn Chusri,

Metabolic Determinants of PCSK9 Regulation in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: The Role of Insulin Resistance, Obesity, and Tobacco Smoke Exposure

The aim of this study was to examine associations involving serum proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) in metabolic disturbances observed in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), with particular emphasis on the potential impact of tobacco smoke exposure. The study included 88 women: 60 with PCOS (23 smokers and 37 non-smokers) and 28 without PCOS. Selected biochemical and molecular biomarkers related to lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation were assessed....

Published on: Sat, 10 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Justyna Niepsuj, Agnieszka Piwowar, Grzegorz Franik, Anna Bizoń,

Advances, Mechanisms, and Clinical Perspectives for the In Vitro Maturation of Human Oocytes

The in vitro maturation (IVM) of human oocytes represents a valuable assisted reproductive technology that bypasses the need for full ovarian stimulation, offering safer alternatives for patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), resistant ovary syndrome, or those requiring fertility preservation before oncological treatment. Despite its potential, IVM efficiency remains lower than that of conventional in vitro fertilization (IVF) due to incomplete understanding of the molecular and...

Published on: Sat, 10 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Marta Gargallo-Alonso, Helen M Picton, Clara Malo,

Diagnostic Value and Metabolic Association of Serum Clusterin in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine and metabolic disorder characterized by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and an increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Clusterin (CLU), a chaperone protein induced by cellular stress and known to play roles in inflammation, oxidative stress, and lipid metabolism, may be associated with the metabolic abnormalities observed in patients with PCOS. The purpose of this current study is to investigate serum CLU levels and...

Published on: Sat, 10 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Dilara Sarıkaya Kurt, Recep Taha Ağaoğlu, Mehmet Ferdi Kıncı, Tuğçe Sırma, Ahmet Kurt, Ramazan Erda Pay, İsmail Burak Gültekin, Hüseyin Levent Keskin, Sezin Ertürk Aksakal,