What is PCOS?

What is PCOS?

Despite what the name suggests, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome isn’t just about ovaries—or cysts, for that matter. In fact, many people diagnosed with PCOS don’t have any ovarian cysts at all. Confusing? You’re not alone. The name dates back to how the condition was first described, but science has come a long way since then. Today, we understand that PCOS is really a complex hormonal and metabolic condition that affects far more than reproductive health.

At its core, PCOS is about hormonal imbalance. When key hormones like insulin, androgens (like testosterone), and others are out of sync, they can create a domino effect throughout the body. This hormonal miscommunication can lead to irregular periods, acne, weight changes, hair loss or excess hair growth, difficulty with ovulation or fertility—and that’s just the shortlist. But here’s the thing: PCOS doesn’t follow a single pattern. Some women experience textbook symptoms. Others don’t fit the mold at all. That’s part of what makes PCOS so challenging—and why understanding your unique experience matters.

So, how can the PCOS Association help?

We’re here to offer more than definitions. We’re here to offer direction. Whether you’re newly diagnosed, still searching for answers, or years into your journey and feeling stuck, we’re committed to helping you make sense of PCOS—and make progress.

Here’s what you’ll find at PCOSA:

  • Reliable, science-backed information about what PCOS is (and isn’t)

  • 💬 Supportive communities of people who understand exactly what you’re going through

  • 🧬 Resources for navigating fertility, metabolic health, nutrition, and more

  • 🧠 Education for providers who want to better support their PCOS patients

  • 🙋‍♀️ Advocacy to make sure PCOS is recognized, researched, and respected

No fluff. No fad cures. Just real support, grounded in evidence and compassion.

At PCOSA, we believe every person with PCOS deserves to be informed, empowered, and heard. Wherever you are in your journey, we’re honored to walk with you.

pcos

pcos: Latest results from PubMed

Analysis of the association between cytokine expression in the endometrial microenvironment and insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome

No abstract

Published on: Mon, 02 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Yan Feng, Hui Li, Xinghao Zhao, Linlin Liang,

Novel Therapeutic Potential of Serenoa repens in rat PCOS: Insights from Network Pharmacology and In Vivo Studies

CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence that S. repens exerts multi-targeted therapeutic effects in PCOS, and highlights S. repens and its marketed supplements as a promising phytotherapeutic option for PCOS management.

Published on: Mon, 02 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Aya M Taha, Camilia G Michel, Enas H Abdelrahman, Ahmed M Nagy, Abdel-Hameed M Fayed, Dina E ElMosbah, Mona M Hashem,

Kisspeptin improves local ovarian insulin resistance in PCOS by modulating the PI3K/AKT/GLUT4 signaling pathway

CONCLUSION: Kisspeptin improves insulin resistance through the PI3K/AKT/GLUT4 signaling pathway and exerts its effects in vitro in granulosa cells. by protecting mitochondrial function. This study provides potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the treatment of PCOS-IR.

Published on: Mon, 02 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Na Sun, Pingping Sun, Lilan Sun, Ping Sun, Dandan Qi, Huagang Ma,

The impact of age on clinical features and fertility outcomes in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a secondary analysis based on the PCOSAct trial

CONCLUSION: The clinical presentation of PCOS evolves significantly with advancing age. It is typically characterized by a shift from a state of hyperandrogenism and reproductive abnormalities in younger women to a profile increasingly dominated by progressive metabolic disturbances and cardiovascular risks in later years. Although ovulation response improves in older patients, they face a higher risk of early pregnancy loss. This underscores the necessity of implementing age-stratified clinical...

Published on: Mon, 02 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Fengjuan Lu, Hong Yu, Jiaxing Feng, Yang Liu, Hang Ge, Baichao Shi, Muxin Guan, Hongli Ma, Yu Wang, Jing Cong, Wen Yang, Conghui Han, Jingshu Gao, Xiaoke Wu,

Changes in Metabolites and Microbial Communities in Follicular Fluid Associated With Ovarian Function in Patients With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a well-documented endocrine disorder associated with metabolic abnormalities. Research has indicated potential links between PCOS and the gut microbiome, and the presence of microbial communities in follicular fluid (FF) has been demonstrated; however, their functional interplay with metabolites has not been elucidated. This case-control study involved 40 patients with PCOS and 40 controls matched for age. A comprehensive analysis of FF metabolites and...

Published on: Mon, 02 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Manfei Si, Sen Yan, Shu Ding, Rui Liu, Xianglei Xiong, Jie Qiao, Xinyu Qi,

Harnessing probiotic-metformin synergy: targeting the gut-microbiota metabolism axis to ameliorate polycystic ovary syndrome

CONCLUSION: As an adjunct supplement to metformin, probiotics represent a novel, evidence-supported therapeutic strategy for PCOS. This approach offers enhanced efficacy and tolerability, with potential implications for a broader spectrum of metabolic disorders including T2DM; however, given the current paucity of related studies, conclusions should be drawn cautiously.

Published on: Mon, 02 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Wanqiu Yang, Lin Yin, Qingling Xie, Moyao Tan, Yunzhu Liu, Jili Xu, Jie Wu,

Multi-omics elucidation of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NKK20 in preventing PCOS via the gut-ovary axis: SCFAs-mediated microbiota-metabolite-immune crosstalk

CONCLUSION: Collectively, these findings delineate a novel preventive axis through which LP inhibits PCOS progression - namely, via coordinated "gut microbiota-metabolite-ovarian" crosstalk involving SCFA-mediated barrier restoration, microbial ecology stabilization, and suppression of ovarian inflammatory onset. This work advances the translational rationale for probiotic-based strategies in PCOS prevention.

Published on: Mon, 02 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Hao Xu, Xinyu Liu, Wen Sun, Xueyun Dong, Xuehui Liu, Yunhan Xie, Jiayuan He, Asmaa Ali, Min Chen, Liang Wu, Jie Ma, Keke Shao,

Hormonal regulation and reproductive improvement with adjunctive Zishen Yutai Pill in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review with meta-analysis

CONCLUSION: This systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that adjunctive ZYP combined with Western medicines may improve reproductive outcomes in women with PCOS. However, the certainty of evidence for most outcomes was low or very low, and many trials had high or unclear risk of bias. Accordingly, these findings should be interpreted as hypothesis-supporting rather than practice-changing, and well-designed, independently funded multicenter randomized controlled trials with standardized...

Published on: Mon, 02 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Xijing Lu, Enoch Chi Ngai Lim, Genping Zeng, Chi Eung Danforn Lim, Lei Zeng,

Momordica charantia L. extracts restores ovarian function in Estradiol-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome in rats

CONCLUSION: MC fruit and seed extracts is considered a potential treatment for PCOS in estradiol-induced female rats.

Published on: Sun, 01 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Anosh Tahir, Saira Saeed Khan, Sadaf Naeem, Adnan Iqbal, Nazish Jaffar, Sadia Sardar Sheikh, Nuzhat Sultana,

E3 ubiquitin ligase Peli1 promotes ferroptosis in granulosa cells in PCOS by degrading Fth1

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common reproductive endocrine disease in women of reproductive age, characterized by hyperandrogenemia and obstruction of ovulation. However, the underlying mechanisms of ovarian abnormalities in PCOS remain to be investigated. In this study, we first identified altered levels of ovarian ferroptosis in the PCOS population by screening a web-based database. Further, we established a prasterone-exposed PCOS mouse model and a granulosa cell model to confirm...

Published on: Sat, 31 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Xiaomeng Zha, Liang Chen, Zhaoping Tan, Tiancheng Wu, Qiaohua Xiong, Haihua Wang, Yuanyuan Kuang, Fei Xing, Aihua Lu, Lili Sun, Yuanzhen Zhang,

The importance of ovary-immune interactions in the context of age and disease

The ovary, a dynamic endocrine organ, plays a central role in female reproductive function through the secretion of hormones such as 17β-estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, and inhibin. Beyond its endocrine activity, the ovary serves as a critical site of immune modulation, with tissue-resident and circulating immune cells contributing to folliculogenesis, ovulation, implantation, and pregnancy. This review explores the reciprocal interactions between the ovarian and immune systems across...

Published on: Sat, 31 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Macy E Zardeneta, Kaylin A Pickle, Farida Sohrabji,

COL14A1 drives ischemic cardiac injury in PCOS: an artificial intelligence-identified biomarker

CONCLUSIONS: COL14A1 may represent a shared molecular link between PCOS and increased susceptibility to ischemic cardiac injury, potentially acting through macrophage-associated immune activation and fibroblast-mediated ECM remodelling. Rofecoxib may serve as a potential repurposed therapeutic candidate pending further validation. These findings provide mechanistic insights into the ovario-cardiac axis and highlight COL14A1 as a promising target for future risk stratification and intervention...

Published on: Sat, 31 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Jixiang Pei, Chao Huang, Cuicui Liang, Luxin Feng, Chao Xuan, Hongwei Ji, Kuo Wang, Χueying Wang, Zhexun Lian, Junjie Guo,

Effects of Ziziphus jujuba, metformin, and myoinositol on pregnancy rates and metabolic parameters in infertile women with PCOS: a randomized controlled trial

CONCLUSION: The Ziziphus jujuba extract demonstrated significant improvements in FBG levels, lipid profiles, and insulin resistance; however, it did not significantly increase pregnancy occurrence compared to metformin, and myoinositol. No serious adverse effects were observed, with only one participant reporting mild constipation. These findings suggest that while Ziziphus jujuba shows promise in metabolic management of PCOS, its efficacy in enhancing fertility outcomes requires further...

Published on: Sat, 31 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Faezeh Mashhadi, Nayere Khadem Ghaebi, Hassan Rakhshandeh, Majid Khadem-Rezaiyan, Fatemeh Roudi, Mohsen Nematy,

Intermittent Fasting as a Nonpharmacologic Strategy to Manage Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a metabolic disorder that affects 6% to 21% of women of reproductive age. It is characterized by hyperandrogenism, ano/oligo-ovulation, and ovarian cysts. Insulin resistance is a common finding among women with PCOS. To effectively manage PCOS, efforts must be focused on improving insulin resistance, as it has been noted to play a major role in a multitude of life-altering and life-threatening conditions. Intermittent fasting (IF) is a dietary intervention...

Published on: Fri, 30 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Megan Devins,

Impact of smoking or second-hand smoke exposure on metabolic and hormonal levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis

CONCLUSION: Smoking or SHS exposure was significantly associated with metabolic and hormonal profiles in women with PCOS. Despite observational limitations and absent e-cigarette data, the evidence supports advising PCOS patients to avoid smoking and SHS exposure.

Published on: Fri, 30 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Ruyu Yan, Dengxin He, Wenru Xu, Fen Yang, Xinhong Zhu, Lin Li,