What is PCOS?

What is PCOS?

Despite what the name suggests, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome isn’t just about ovaries—or cysts, for that matter. In fact, many people diagnosed with PCOS don’t have any ovarian cysts at all. Confusing? You’re not alone. The name dates back to how the condition was first described, but science has come a long way since then. Today, we understand that PCOS is really a complex hormonal and metabolic condition that affects far more than reproductive health.

At its core, PCOS is about hormonal imbalance. When key hormones like insulin, androgens (like testosterone), and others are out of sync, they can create a domino effect throughout the body. This hormonal miscommunication can lead to irregular periods, acne, weight changes, hair loss or excess hair growth, difficulty with ovulation or fertility—and that’s just the shortlist. But here’s the thing: PCOS doesn’t follow a single pattern. Some women experience textbook symptoms. Others don’t fit the mold at all. That’s part of what makes PCOS so challenging—and why understanding your unique experience matters.

So, how can the PCOS Association help?

We’re here to offer more than definitions. We’re here to offer direction. Whether you’re newly diagnosed, still searching for answers, or years into your journey and feeling stuck, we’re committed to helping you make sense of PCOS—and make progress.

Here’s what you’ll find at PCOSA:

  • Reliable, science-backed information about what PCOS is (and isn’t)

  • 💬 Supportive communities of people who understand exactly what you’re going through

  • 🧬 Resources for navigating fertility, metabolic health, nutrition, and more

  • 🧠 Education for providers who want to better support their PCOS patients

  • 🙋‍♀️ Advocacy to make sure PCOS is recognized, researched, and respected

No fluff. No fad cures. Just real support, grounded in evidence and compassion.

At PCOSA, we believe every person with PCOS deserves to be informed, empowered, and heard. Wherever you are in your journey, we’re honored to walk with you.

pcos

pcos: Latest results from PubMed

Heme oxygenase-1 emerges as a critical regulator linking autophagy dysregulation, immune infiltration, and NOD-Like receptor signaling in PCOS pathogenesis

CONCLUSION: HMOX1 appears to act as a molecular nexus connecting impaired autophagy with immune microenvironment alterations in PCOS, highlighting its potential as both a diagnostic marker and a target for immunomodulatory therapy.

Published on: Tue, 17 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Xiaoling Wu, Liansha Huang, Shumin Guo, Hai Zhou,

Androgen dysregulates the follicular extracellular matrix and increases pro-fibrotic gene expression in the mouse ovary

The extracellular matrix (ECM) defines the biomechanical and biochemical microenvironment of tissues, directing cell behaviour and phenotype. In the ovary, ECM must dynamically remodel in each cycle under hormonal regulation to control follicle development and produce fertilizable oocytes. Dysregulation of this process may result in aberrant formation of ECM as seen in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) whose pathology includes fibrosis of the ovary and which is a major cause of infertility. PCOS...

Published on: Tue, 17 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Thomas I R Hopkins, Avigdor Lerner, Iain E Dunlop, Stephen Franks, Kate Hardy,

Vitamin D supplementation before in vitro fertilisation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: multicentre, double blind, placebo controlled, randomised clinical trial

CONCLUSIONS: Although vitamin D supplementation (4000 IU/day) for up to 90 days increases serum 25-OHD levels, this does not translate to improved live birth rates after the first transfer for patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Published on: Tue, 17 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Kai-Lun Hu, Tingting Liao, Qiongfang Wu, Xiang Ma, Yunxia Cao, Jichun Tan, Lifeng Tian, Jing Wang, Jingwen Yin, Yifeng Liu, Junzhao Zhao, Shuyun Zhao, Mengxi Li, Lingbo Cai, Fen-Ting Liu, Kwanghann Gan, Yuping Xu, Yixian Wang, Jie Cai, Beihong Zheng, Yanlin Ma, Qianhong Ma, Jie Zheng, Xin Pu, Hongyan Zhang, Cuifang Hao, Qingzhen Xie, Cuilian Zhang, Lei Jiang, Su Zhang, Liping Yan, Qingxia Meng, Wentao Li, Ben W Mol, Rong Li, Rui Wang, Dan Zhang, VitD-PCOS trial group,

Review on 11-Oxygenated steroids in hormone-related diseases: polycystic ovary syndrome, endometrial cancer, prostate cancer

11-oxygenated androgens and oestrogens are biologically active molecules and have increasingly recognised roles in hormone dependent diseases. However, a comprehensive synthesis of existing evidence across major sex hormone-related conditions is still lacking. This review summarises current literature investigating the associations between 11-oxygenated sex steroids and three hormone dependent disorders - polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometrial cancer (EC), and prostate cancer (PC)....

Published on: Tue, 17 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Xiaoman Jin, Henrica M J Werner, Andrea Romano,

GLP-1 receptor agonist treatment in women with polycystic ovary syndrome - a systematic review and meta-analysis

CONCLUSION: GLP-1-RAs are associated with modest short-term weight loss in women with PCOS and overweight or obesity. Evidence for benefits on metabolic, reproductive, or psychological outcomes remains uncertain due to low-quality data, and no studies have evaluated cost-effectiveness.

Published on: Tue, 17 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Maria Forslund, Per Wändell, Lisa Forsberg, Marie Österberg, Jessica Dagerhamn, Emma Wernersson, Maja Kärrman Fredriksson, Anna Ringborg, Angelica Lindén Hirschberg,

An early LH surge may jeopardize ART outcomes of patients with PCOS and its predictive models

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to investigate whether an early LH surge during controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) affects pregnancy outcomes in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) undergoing assisted reproductive technology (ART), and to explore methods for identifying high-risk patients for early intervention. In a retrospective case-control analysis of 786 PCOS cycles, an early LH surge was found to significantly increase the spontaneous abortion rate and reduce the live birth rate in...

Published on: Tue, 17 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Xiaohui Ji, Huayang Xia, Ting Liang, Haiyan Lin, Yabo Yang, Wenqing Que, Qinxue Zhang, Hui Chen, Qi Qiu, Lina Wei, Yi Li,

Incidence of meningioma in women with a history of combined oral contraceptive pill use and polycystic ovary syndrome

CONCLUSION: Findings suggest a potential protective association between combined OCP use and meningioma that remained significant after controlling for obesity, PCOS status, and race. Additionally, this study found that meningioma risk in patients with PCOS differed based on obesity status.

Published on: Tue, 17 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Emily Edwards, Kathryn Tsai, Suguna Pappu, Heidi Gaddey, Tyler B Nofzinger, Emily Vachon, Bryan McConomy,

Racial Disparities in Severe Maternal Morbidity Among Patients with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

CONCLUSION: Racial disparities in SMM persisted among patients with PCOS despite adjustment for comorbidities and hospital factors. Race-conscious prenatal care and structural interventions are needed to reduce inequities.

Published on: Tue, 17 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Carolyn Robb, Rebecca Strafella, Jay Ayar, Rahi Desai, Annieka Reno, Noa Grunfeld, Elizabeth Drugge, Vani Dandolu,

Dysregulation of Endothelial cell markers in polycystic ovary syndrome

Endothelial cell dysfunction is reported to occur in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) but it is unclear if this is due to obesity or inherent to PCOS. We hypothesized that in body mass index (BMI)-matched women with obesity, with and without PCOS, endothelial cell dysfunction protein markers would differ due to the inherent pathophysiology of PCOS. 92 women with PCOS and 19 control subjects were identified from a PCOS and control biobank and matched for obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²). Endothelial...

Published on: Mon, 16 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Preeti Borde, Sara Anjum Niinuma, Haniya Habib, Ashleigh Suzu-Nishio Takemoto, Manjula Nandakumar, Thozhukat Sathyapalan, Alexandra E Butler, Stephen L Atkin,

Racial Differences in Dermatologic Treatment for Adolescents With PCOS-Related Acne Vulgaris

CONCLUSION: Racial and ethnic disparities exist in acne treatment among adolescents with PCOS, particularly reduced prescribing of spironolactone, COC, and isotretinoin for Hispanic patients and topical antibiotics for Black patients. These differences are not fully explained by acne severity, insurance, or interpreter use. Further research should assess how prescribing differences impact outcomes and inform equitable dermatologic care.

Published on: Mon, 16 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Samantha Garcia, Brandi Kenner-Bell,

Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome with Infertility by Dingkun Pills Combined with Ovulation-inducing Drugs: A Meta-Analysis

CONCLUSIONS: The efficacy of the experimental group in treating Polycystic Ovary Syndrome with infertility was better than that of the control group. However, the included literature only included Chinese articles. The quality of the study was low. Further high-quality clinical trials are required to confirm these findings.

Published on: Mon, 16 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Qianwen Ma, Fei Li, Mingxia Shen, Jianfei Wu, Yong Tan, Chenshu Ye,

Validation of Tailored Yoga and Naturopathic Hydrotherapy Protocol for the Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

CONCLUSION: This protocol can be incorporated into research studies with a larger sample size (comprising diverse age groups, socio-economic and geographical backgrounds, with varying metabolic and hormonal profiles) to assess its efficacy and utility.

Published on: Mon, 16 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Shweta Mishra, Ragini Shrivastava, Pranjal Shrivastava, Shweta Patel, Tanusha Pathak, Varun Malhotra,

Correspondence to Methodological considerations for FSHR variant interpretation in PCOS

No abstract

Published on: Mon, 16 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Mahtab Behrafigh, Mouness Rahimian, Maryam Afkari, Mona Khosravi-Far, Navid Almadani, Seyed Abolhassan Shahzadeh Fazeli,

Exercise Attenuates Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Development via Improved Mitochondrial Proteostasis

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a multifactorial endocrine disorder characterized by hyperandrogenism, inflammation, and ovarian dysfunction. While exercise has been recognized as an effective non-pharmacological strategy for managing PCOS symptoms, the molecular mechanisms underlying its therapeutic benefits remain unclear. In this study, we utilized a dehydroepiandrosterone-induced PCOS mouse model to investigate how aerobic exercise ameliorates ovarian pathology. Our results demonstrated...

Published on: Mon, 16 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Chaeyoung Shin, Li-Wei Chen, Md Nazmul Hossain, Xinrui Li, Sharmeen Islam, Zhongyun Kou, Qiaorong Cui, Jeanene Marie de Avila, Mei-Jun Zhu, Min Du,

Is polycystic ovary syndrome associated with uterine malformations? A systematic review using Bradford Hill's causality framework

STUDY QUESTION: Is there a causal relationship between polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and the occurrence of congenital uterine anomalies (CUAs)?

Published on: Mon, 16 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Stefano Palomba, Flavia Costanzi, Giuseppe Seminara, Donatella Caserta, Antonio Aversa,