What is PCOS?

What is PCOS?

Despite what the name suggests, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome isn’t just about ovaries—or cysts, for that matter. In fact, many people diagnosed with PCOS don’t have any ovarian cysts at all. Confusing? You’re not alone. The name dates back to how the condition was first described, but science has come a long way since then. Today, we understand that PCOS is really a complex hormonal and metabolic condition that affects far more than reproductive health.

At its core, PCOS is about hormonal imbalance. When key hormones like insulin, androgens (like testosterone), and others are out of sync, they can create a domino effect throughout the body. This hormonal miscommunication can lead to irregular periods, acne, weight changes, hair loss or excess hair growth, difficulty with ovulation or fertility—and that’s just the shortlist. But here’s the thing: PCOS doesn’t follow a single pattern. Some women experience textbook symptoms. Others don’t fit the mold at all. That’s part of what makes PCOS so challenging—and why understanding your unique experience matters.

So, how can the PCOS Association help?

We’re here to offer more than definitions. We’re here to offer direction. Whether you’re newly diagnosed, still searching for answers, or years into your journey and feeling stuck, we’re committed to helping you make sense of PCOS—and make progress.

Here’s what you’ll find at PCOSA:

  • Reliable, science-backed information about what PCOS is (and isn’t)

  • 💬 Supportive communities of people who understand exactly what you’re going through

  • 🧬 Resources for navigating fertility, metabolic health, nutrition, and more

  • 🧠 Education for providers who want to better support their PCOS patients

  • 🙋‍♀️ Advocacy to make sure PCOS is recognized, researched, and respected

No fluff. No fad cures. Just real support, grounded in evidence and compassion.

At PCOSA, we believe every person with PCOS deserves to be informed, empowered, and heard. Wherever you are in your journey, we’re honored to walk with you.

pcos

pcos: Latest results from PubMed

Divergent pathophysiological drivers of polycystic ovary syndrome: insulin resistance independently fuels the hyperandrogenic phenotype whilst neuroendocrine factors dominate non-hyperandrogenic presentations

CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate that PCOS encompasses two pathophysiologically distinct entities. The Non-HA phenotype appears driven primarily by neuroendocrine dysregulation, whereas the HA phenotype is intrinsically linked to metabolic dysfunction, specifically insulin resistance. Most importantly, we confirm that insulin resistance drives the hyperandrogenic phenotype independently of obesity. These data support a paradigm shift towards phenotype-specific management, necessitating...

Published on: Fri, 20 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Xiaoxia Wang, Hua Nie, Rong Cui, Guifang Ye, Ying Tan, Jing Zhang, Biyun Zhang, Xingming Zhong,

Ramulus mori (Sangzhi) alkaloids improve intestinal oxidative damage and inflammation in DHEA-induced polycystic ovary syndrome rats via gut microbiota and metabolite modulation

INTRODUCTION: Intestinal dysbiosis, characterized by reduced diversity and enrichment of pro-inflammatory taxa, is implicated in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Ramulus mori (Sangzhi) alkaloids (SZ-A), approved in China for type 2 diabetes with broad metabolic effects, remain untested as a microbiota-targeted intervention for PCOS.

Published on: Fri, 20 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Yanping Wang, Xianmei Jiang, Shuyi Wu, Qiaohui Wang, Dan Zuo, Biao Huang, Li Jian, Yu Yang, Yong Cai, Xingjian Wen, Ling Yao, Shan Geng,

Investigating the causal relationship of lipid metabolism in polycystic ovary syndrome: a Mendelian randomization study on the regulatory role of 3-Hydroxybutyrate in gene expression

CONCLUSION: This study provides robust causal evidence linking lipid metabolism and ketone bodies to PCOS, moving beyond descriptive associations. by uncovering the specific pathway involving 3-HB and HDAC3, we highlight a novel molecular mechanism underlying PCOS pathogenesis. These findings suggest that targeting the 3-HB/HDAC3 axis could offer new strategies for therapeutic intervention in managing PCOS-related metabolic dysfunction.

Published on: Fri, 20 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Jia Xu, Lan Li, Shuo Yang, Ping Li, Bing He, Ji-Lin Kuang,

Correction: Ramulus mori (Sangzhi) alkaloids improve intestinal oxidative damage and inflammation in DHEA-induced polycystic ovary syndrome rats via gut microbiota and metabolite modulation

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1701694.].

Published on: Fri, 20 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Yanping Wang, Xianmei Jiang, Shuyi Wu, Qiaohui Wang, Dan Zuo, Biao Huang, Li Jian, Yu Yang, Yong Cai, Xingjian Wen, Ling Yao, Shan Geng,

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Dry Eye Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

CONCLUSIONS: Women with PCOS can experience mild dry eye symptoms; however, tear volume and tear film stability are similar in women with PCOS and those without the condition. In most studies, tear film parameters of PCOS women do not meet DEWS II criteria for DED diagnosis, though they are heterogeneous and have low levels of certainty.

Published on: Fri, 20 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Moumi Maity, Marlies Gijs, Reiko Arita, Sayan Basu, Swati Singh,

Skin deep: dermatologic challenges in PCOS through the female lifespan

INTRODUCTION: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a lifelong endocrine-metabolic condition with prominent dermatologic manifestations such as hirsutism, acne/seborrhea, and female pattern hair loss (FPHL), which are frequently the initial complaint for seeking medical attention.

Published on: Fri, 20 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Seda Hanife Oğuz, Başak Yalici Armagan, Bulent Okan Yildiz,

Management of infertility in women with hypothalamic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: an expert opinion

CONCLUSION: When pulsatile GnRH therapy is not available, and to ensure the effective treatment of female infertility due to FHA (with or without PCOS) or hypothalamic CHH, we advise physicians to optimise stimulation with exogenous gonadotropins according to the cause of hypothalamic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. In all cases, providing luteal phase support by optimising corpus luteum function is mandatory.

Published on: Fri, 20 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Geoffroy Robin, Lorraine Maitrot-Mantelet, Sophie Dubourdieu, Bérengère Kiehl-Bigot, Maria Katsogiannou, Michel De Vos, Sophie Christin-Maitre,

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Primary Care: Knowledge Among General Practitioners

CONCLUSION: This study highlights substantial gaps in general practitioners' knowledge of PCOS, consistent with international findings. Strengthening undergraduate and continuing medical education, alongside developing tools adapted to primary care, appears essential to harmonize diagnosis and management.

Published on: Thu, 19 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Pénélope Robert-Rambaud, Thibault Thubert, Thomas Fréour, Maxime Chaillot,

Failure of Podocalyxin Suppression and HOXA10/HOXA11 Activation Characterizes Endometrial Dysfunction in Hyperandrogenic PCOS

To analyze the effects of hyperandrogenemia (HA) in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) on negative and positive regulators of endometrial receptivity. Fifty-four women with PCOS undergoing total embryo freezing were classified into four phenotypes: classical type A, classical type B, ovulatory type C, and normoandrogenic type D. Hyperandrogenemia was present in phenotypes A-C and absent in phenotype D. Twenty-five age-matched infertile women without clinical or biochemical features of PCOS served...

Published on: Thu, 19 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Nilufer Celik, Onder Celik, Ulun Ulug, Aynur Ersahin, Naziye Gurkan, Kagan Gungor, Meltem Yardim, Semih Dalkilic, Ahmet Tektemur, Sudenaz Celik, Nur Dokuzeylul Gungor, Cevdet Duran,

Bile Acid Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid (GCDCA) Might Induce the Loss of Plasma Membrane Integrity and the Release of LDH From Ovarian Granulosa Cells, With Implications in PCOS

Altered bile acid profiles in the follicular fluid have been implicated in the pathogenesis of PCOS. Whether certain bile acids modulate the lytic death of ovarian granulosa cells following regulated cell death mechanisms such as pyroptosis and necroptosis in the context of PCOS is unknown. We here treated ovarian granulosa cells (KGN cell line) with different concentrations of three bile acids (GCDCA, TCA, and GCA) in vitro, and then comparatively analyzed the levels of IL-18, LDH, and PGE2...

Published on: Thu, 19 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Sukran Yagmur Avcioglu, Caglar Berkel,

Asprosin, but not subfatin, associated with non-obese polycystic ovary syndrome

CONCLUSIONS: Asprosin, but not subfatin, was significantly elevated in non-obese women with PCOS. It may serve as a marker of PCOS independent of insulin resistance in normal-weight women.

Published on: Thu, 19 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Reha Baran, Suzan Tabur, Seyithan Taysı, Esma Gülsun Arslan Cellat,

Microbial Dysbiosis and Pathogenic Interplay in the Gut-Vaginal Axis: Implications for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Critical Review

PCOS is the most common endocrine condition among reproductive-age women. This disorder causes irregular menstrual periods, increased hair growth, anovulation, and pregnancy difficulties. PCOS affects more than reproductive health. Recent PCOS research has focused on the Gut-Vaginal Axis, stressing the gut-vaginal microbiota reciprocal interaction. Modern society's ubiquitous stress affects hormonal activity. Stress-induced hormonal shifts may alter the vaginal and gut microbiomes These...

Published on: Thu, 19 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Gokul Sudhakaran, A R Sreekutty, Ki Choon Choi, M Valan Arasu, Ajay Guru, S Karthick Raja Namasivayam, Jesu Arockiaraj,

Flavonoids and polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous endocrine disorder affecting women, characterized by irregular menstrual cycles, elevated androgen levels, and ovulatory dysfunction. Current clinical treatments, such as combined oral contraceptive pills (COCP), metformin, and clomiphene, can alleviate symptoms but are often associated with adverse effects including gastrointestinal discomfort, the risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), and potential deterioration of cardiometabolic...

Published on: Thu, 19 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Hao Shen, Yu Liu,

Burden and Risk Factor Patterns of Reproductive System Tumors and Non-Tumor Diseases Among Asian Women, 1990-2021: Evidence from the GBD Study

CONCLUSION: Female reproductive system diseases impose a substantial and heterogeneous burden across Asia. Although malignant cancers remain the main contributors to mortality and DALYs, non-malignant disorders increasingly affect reproductive health, particularly among younger women. Prevention strategies tailored to SDI levels and major risk factors are needed to reduce the overall disease burden across the region.

Published on: Thu, 19 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Xinyi Xiong, Yuming Yao, Guang Yang, Chiayen Lin,

Efficacy of stepwise extended letrozole treatment in patients with resistant polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing intrauterine insemination: A 7-year retrospective cohort study

CONCLUSION: The stepwise extended LE regimen appears to be a feasible option for LE-resistant PCOS; however, its efficacy must be further explored and validated in prospective randomized studies.

Published on: Thu, 19 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Vyjayanthi Srinivasan,