What is PCOS?

What is PCOS?

Despite what the name suggests, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome isn’t just about ovaries—or cysts, for that matter. In fact, many people diagnosed with PCOS don’t have any ovarian cysts at all. Confusing? You’re not alone. The name dates back to how the condition was first described, but science has come a long way since then. Today, we understand that PCOS is really a complex hormonal and metabolic condition that affects far more than reproductive health.

At its core, PCOS is about hormonal imbalance. When key hormones like insulin, androgens (like testosterone), and others are out of sync, they can create a domino effect throughout the body. This hormonal miscommunication can lead to irregular periods, acne, weight changes, hair loss or excess hair growth, difficulty with ovulation or fertility—and that’s just the shortlist. But here’s the thing: PCOS doesn’t follow a single pattern. Some women experience textbook symptoms. Others don’t fit the mold at all. That’s part of what makes PCOS so challenging—and why understanding your unique experience matters.

So, how can the PCOS Association help?

We’re here to offer more than definitions. We’re here to offer direction. Whether you’re newly diagnosed, still searching for answers, or years into your journey and feeling stuck, we’re committed to helping you make sense of PCOS—and make progress.

Here’s what you’ll find at PCOSA:

  • Reliable, science-backed information about what PCOS is (and isn’t)

  • 💬 Supportive communities of people who understand exactly what you’re going through

  • 🧬 Resources for navigating fertility, metabolic health, nutrition, and more

  • 🧠 Education for providers who want to better support their PCOS patients

  • 🙋‍♀️ Advocacy to make sure PCOS is recognized, researched, and respected

No fluff. No fad cures. Just real support, grounded in evidence and compassion.

At PCOSA, we believe every person with PCOS deserves to be informed, empowered, and heard. Wherever you are in your journey, we’re honored to walk with you.

pcos

pcos: Latest results from PubMed

CSF3R signalling beyond granulopoiesis: new paradigms in female reproductive biology

The Colony-Stimulating Factor 3 Receptor (CSF3R), the receptor for granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), has expanded from a hematopoietic regulator to a multifunctional signalling molecule with significant relevance in gynaecological biology. High-resolution transcriptomic and proteomic studies now identify CSF3R expression in ovarian granulosa cells, endometrial epithelium, cervical tissue, placental trophoblasts, and gynaecologic tumour microenvironments, highlighting its integration...

Published on: Wed, 08 Apr 2026 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Rashid Ansari, Sanjay N Awathale, Sameer N Goyal,

Letrozole for Ovulation Induction in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

CONCLUSIONS: Letrozole is effective for inducing ovulation and achieving pregnancy in patients with PCOS, and report variations in letrozole treatment protocols.

Published on: Wed, 08 Apr 2026 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Xue-Lian Li,

Restorative effects of Thai Mucuna pruriens seed extract on reproductive, hormonal, and fertility impairments in letrozole-induced PCOS rats

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder, leading cause of female infertility, disrupted estrous cycles, hormonal dysregulation, and abnormal ovarian morphology. This study aimed to evaluate the restorative effects of Thai Mucuna pruriens (TMP) seed extract on reproductive, hormonal, and fertility impairments in a PCOS rat model induced by letrozole. Following PCOS induction, female rats received TMP extract at 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg BW for 30 consecutive days. Untreated...

Published on: Wed, 08 Apr 2026 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: S Bunsueb, C Taoto, S Tongpan, C Chaimontri, S Iamsaard,

Melatonin attenuates Drp1-mediated excessive mitochondrial fission through upregulation of SIRT1 in granulosa cells in PCOS

Mitochondrial dysfunction in GCs has been implicated in PCOS pathogenesis. Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1)-mediated mitochondrial fission is critical for maintaining intact mitochondrial function. This study aims to investigate whether mitochondrial fission contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction in the GCs of individuals with PCOS and the molecular effects of melatonin on mitochondrial fission. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of human GCs showed that the mitochondria exhibited a...

Published on: Wed, 08 Apr 2026 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Jingyu Zhang, Yuting Zhang, Mengyun Li, Linhui Gao, Jidong Zhou, Liang Gao, Jianjun Zhou,

Women with PCOS have a later menopausal transition and a lower prevalence of menopausal symptoms at age 46: A population-based birth cohort study

CONCLUSIONS: From the nonselective population data, it was shown that late peri-/postmenopausal status and symptoms were less frequent in women with PCOS at age 46, supporting the idea of prolonged ovarian function in affected women. This should be considered in patient counseling and future studies of fertility, contraception, and menopausal hormone therapy.

Published on: Wed, 08 Apr 2026 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Johanna Lavi, Susanna Savukoski, Elisa Hurskainen, Meri-Maija Ollila, Laure Morin-Papunen, Maarit Niinimäki, Terhi T Piltonen,

History of Infertility and Plasma Markers of Inflammation, Cholesterol, and Adipokines Among Participants in the Nurses' Health Study II

INTRODUCTION: There is increasing evidence that women who have experienced infertility are at greater risk for several chronic conditions. However, the mechanisms underlying these associations are not clear. Pathophysiology may be illuminated through observation of aberrant systemic biomarkers. However, there are limited data on infertility history and midlife biomarkers of inflammation, lipids, and adipokines.

Published on: Wed, 08 Apr 2026 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Leslie V Farland, William J Degnan, Siwen Wang, Audrey J Gaskins, Jorge E Chavarro, Janet W Rich-Edwards, Stacey A Missmer,

Salidroside Ameliorates Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Mice by Regulating the AKT/NF-κB/NLRP3-HAS2 Axis

Salidroside, a bioactive compound from Rhodiola rosea, shows potential in managing polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a common endocrine-metabolic disorder. This study explored its therapeutic effects and mechanisms using a dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-induced PCOS mouse model and granulosa cells (GCs). Salidroside was found to restore estrous cyclicity, improve ovarian morphology, and rebalance serum hormone levels. Mechanistically, it suppressed ROS-mediated AKT/NF-κB signaling, inhibited...

Published on: Wed, 08 Apr 2026 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Jing-Hang Li, Shu-Ming Shi, Li-Ying Liu, Yu-Yan He, Guan-Lin Jia, Lin-Yi Qu, Zhi-Chao Chi, Jia-Hui Leng, Hong-Jie Xu, Tian Lan, Dong-Lei Yan, Il-Keun Kong, Xian-Feng Yu, Ming-Jun Zhang, Yong-Xun Jin,

Metabolic Phenotype Predicts Biochemical Response to Inositol Supplementation in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

CONCLUSIONS: Inositol supplementation is associated with improvements in biochemical hyperandrogenism in women with PCOS, with evidence of phenotype-dependent variability. The most consistent biochemical response was observed in normal-weight individuals. These findings support a metabolically informed, hypothesis-generating framework and highlight the need for adequately powered, phenotype-stratified trials incorporating clinically meaningful outcomes, including standardized measures of...

Published on: Wed, 08 Apr 2026 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Daniele Tienforti, Gennaro Puocci, Claudia Venditti, Valentina Gizzi, Carlo Pisanò, Elisa Cocci, Elisabetta Perfetto, Francesco D'Alessandro, Luca Spagnolo, Marco Giorgio Baroni, Arcangelo Barbonetti,

Are serum MOTS-c levels and MOTS-c m.1382A>C polymorphism related to polycystic ovary syndrome?

OBJECTIVE: MOTS-c is a mitochondria-derived peptide associated with reduced insulin resistance and obesity. The m.1382A>C polymorphism of the MOTS-c gene is linked to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in men. However, no studies have explored the relationship between this polymorphism and MOTS-c levels in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This study aimed to investigate the differences in MOTS-c levels between adolescents diagnosed with PCOS and those without PCOS, as well as...

Published on: Tue, 07 Apr 2026 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Berna Eroğlu Filibeli, Fatima Dedemoglu, Pinar Garipçin, Seyran Bulut, Banu İşbilen Başok, Sefa Kizildağ, Bumin Dündar, Gönül Çatli,

Adiposity Measures Derived from Bioelectrical Impedance are Associated with Cardiometabolic Markers in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

CONCLUSIONS: Women with PCOS exhibit higher adiposity, particularly reflected by FM index and F/L ratio, which show closer associations with metabolic and inflammatory dysfunction than trunk FM. These findings support the potential use of BIA as an accessible, low-cost, and noninvasive tool for the cross-sectional assessment of metabolic dysfunction in PCOS. Longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the clinical relevance of these associations.

Published on: Tue, 07 Apr 2026 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Lenora Maria Camarate Silveira Martins Leão, Rebeca Bandeira de Melo Cavalcante, Karynne Grutter Lopes, Luiz Guilherme Kraemer-Aguiar, Ana Beatriz Winter Tavares,

Machine Learning-Based Early Prediction of Gestational Diabetes Using First-Trimester Laboratory Parameters

Background and aim Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects 6-15% of pregnancies globally and is traditionally diagnosed at 24-28 weeks of gestation. Early identification of high-risk women during the first trimester could enable timely interventions and improved pregnancy outcomes. This study aimed to develop and evaluate machine learning models for early GDM prediction using first-trimester clinical and laboratory parameters. To achieve this aim, the study has the following five key...

Published on: Tue, 07 Apr 2026 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Jenifar Prashanthan, Amirthanathan Prashanthan,

Endocrine Disruption and Reproductive Health in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Systematic Review of Microplastics

Microplastics pollution is a widespread environmental issue in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), where factors such as urbanization, insufficient waste management, and coastal vulnerability may increase exposure risks. Microplastics can act as carriers for endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), but a comprehensive synthesis of region-specific evidence linking this contamination to reproductive health outcomes has been lacking. This systematic review examines the evidence regarding the...

Published on: Tue, 07 Apr 2026 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Danladi C Husaini, Sanjana Punjabi, Tatyana Guild, Elodia Solis, Joel H Chiroma, Chukwuemeka Nwokocha,

Exploring the biological functions of PCOS: identifying hub androgen-related genes through bioinformatics

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent reproductive endocrine disorder in women. While the role of androgens in PCOS is well-recognized, the underlying mechanisms warrant further investigation. In this study, we identified potential hub androgen-related genes (ARGs) in PCOS and established diagnostic and classification models to find novel biomarkers for PCOS therapy. Five datasets (GSE34526, GSE80432, GSE95728, GSE124226, and GSE137684) were retrieved from GEO, followed by data...

Published on: Mon, 06 Apr 2026 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Xinling He, Lan Su, Ji Yin, Yuanyuan Lai, Han Yang, Zheng Yu, Xiaoyan Zheng, Jia Liu, Jie Yang,

Inhibiting TRIM21 Neddylation Rejuvenates Oocyte Quality in PCOS by Regulating Ubiquitination of CPT1A

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine and metabolic disorder affecting women of childbearing age. Infertility caused by ovulatory disorders and low follicle quality is an urgent problem. Abnormal fatty acid oxidation (FAO) contributes critically to the etiology and progression in PCOS. However, the potential mechanism by which FAO affects follicular development in PCOS patients is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that increased expression of tripartite motif-containing protein...

Published on: Mon, 06 Apr 2026 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Xinni Na, Jinchi Liu, Yinan Tan, Lingbo Meng, Cuishan Guo, Na Zuo, Wanlin Dai, Ruiting Cong, Bowen Zhang, Wanting Shi, Jia Hu, Junzhi Liang, Shuang Wei, Zhongyu Zhao, Jing Chen, Xinbo Qiao, Da Li,

Global Burden of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Analysis of Pre- and Post-Pandemic Trends from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease Study (1990-2021)

CONCLUSION: The post-pandemic rise in PCOS burden underscores systemic vulnerabilities in women's endocrine healthcare during health emergencies and signals a growing global health challenge.

Published on: Mon, 06 Apr 2026 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Yingwu Guo, Yingrong Du, Lingfang Zhang, Huihui Xu, Jun Liu, Shenghao Li, Zhaoyuan Xu, Junfang Yan, Jie Chen, Huawei Wang,