What is PCOS?

What is PCOS?

Despite what the name suggests, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome isn’t just about ovaries—or cysts, for that matter. In fact, many people diagnosed with PCOS don’t have any ovarian cysts at all. Confusing? You’re not alone. The name dates back to how the condition was first described, but science has come a long way since then. Today, we understand that PCOS is really a complex hormonal and metabolic condition that affects far more than reproductive health.

At its core, PCOS is about hormonal imbalance. When key hormones like insulin, androgens (like testosterone), and others are out of sync, they can create a domino effect throughout the body. This hormonal miscommunication can lead to irregular periods, acne, weight changes, hair loss or excess hair growth, difficulty with ovulation or fertility—and that’s just the shortlist. But here’s the thing: PCOS doesn’t follow a single pattern. Some women experience textbook symptoms. Others don’t fit the mold at all. That’s part of what makes PCOS so challenging—and why understanding your unique experience matters.

So, how can the PCOS Association help?

We’re here to offer more than definitions. We’re here to offer direction. Whether you’re newly diagnosed, still searching for answers, or years into your journey and feeling stuck, we’re committed to helping you make sense of PCOS—and make progress.

Here’s what you’ll find at PCOSA:

  • Reliable, science-backed information about what PCOS is (and isn’t)

  • 💬 Supportive communities of people who understand exactly what you’re going through

  • 🧬 Resources for navigating fertility, metabolic health, nutrition, and more

  • 🧠 Education for providers who want to better support their PCOS patients

  • 🙋‍♀️ Advocacy to make sure PCOS is recognized, researched, and respected

No fluff. No fad cures. Just real support, grounded in evidence and compassion.

At PCOSA, we believe every person with PCOS deserves to be informed, empowered, and heard. Wherever you are in your journey, we’re honored to walk with you.

pcos

pcos: Latest results from PubMed

The interactions between autophagy and immune in the liver-adipose-ovary circuit of polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common reproductive, endocrine, and metabolic disorder in women of reproductive age, characterized by hyperandrogenemia, insulin resistance, and ovulatory dysfunction. Autophagy, a key cellular homeostasis mechanism, closely interacts with immune-inflammatory responses to drive PCOS pathogenesis. This review highlights the "liver-adipose-ovary circuit"-a pathological network where the liver, adipose tissue, and ovaries crosstalk via autophagy dysregulation,...

Published on: Thu, 05 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Guofeng Nie, Muxuan Liu, Luxu Yang, Chanyu Li, Chenzhao Qu, Jing Wang, Juanjuan Mei, Yanlin Wang, Lei Han, Xinwei Zhang, Quanmin Wang,

Traditional herbal medicine for obesity-related polycystic ovary syndrome: a meta-analysis and data mining study

CONCLUSION: THM demonstrated superiority over conventional treatment alone in improving key clinical, metabolic, and reproductive outcomes in obesity-related PCOS. Association rule analysis revealed a core botanical drug combination as promising candidates for future research. However, more rigorously designed, large-scale RCTs are required.

Published on: Thu, 05 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Lei Tang, Haijuan Liu, Ying Pang, Guohua Wang, Zheng Wang, Tianyao Lv,

Neuroendocrine regulation of the reproductive system: integration of research of neuropeptide and experimental pathophysiology of amenorrhea of different genesis (literature review)

Neuroendocrine regulation of reproductive function represents a complex system based on the integration of signals between the central nervous system and peripheral organs. In recent years, particular attention has been given to the role of neuropeptides - such as kisspeptin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and orexins - in the pathogenesis of disorders associated with menstrual irregularities. This review provides a detailed analysis of the molecular mechanisms underlying neuropeptide...

Published on: Thu, 05 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Y S Evseeva, Y S Absatarova, E N Andreeva, V A Ioutsi, S A Roumiantsev, E V Sheremetyeva, O R Grigoryan, G A Melnichenko,

Changes in Menstrual Regularity and Associated Factors in Women With Obesity Without PCOS Following Bariatric Surgery

This study aimed to analyze the independent risk factors for irregular menstrual cycles in women with obesity without polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), describe the changes in menstrual cycle regularity after bariatric surgery, and explore the influencing factors of these changes. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 430 women with obesity patients without PCOS who underwent either laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) or laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) at the First Affiliated...

Published on: Wed, 04 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Jinshan Zhang, Min Hou, Jiali Zhang, Shaohong Wu, Wah Yang,

24-hour ambulatory blood pressure and associated factors in women with polycystic ovary syndrome compared with ovulatory controls

To compare 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) between women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and ovulatory controls, and to explore potential anthropometric, hormonal, metabolic, and inflammatory correlates of ABP in women with PCOS. In this cross-sectional study, 50 women with PCOS (diagnosed by Rotterdam criteria) and 50 ovulatory controls underwent office and 24-hour ABP monitoring. Clinical, anthropometric, hormonal, metabolic, and inflammatory parameters were assessed....

Published on: Wed, 04 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Maria de Fátima Azevedo, Ana Kleyce Coreia Rocha, Livia Maria Bezerra de Melo, Luciana Medeiros Bezerra de Melo, Romena Leão Azevedo Catão, Eduardo Caldas Costa,

In search of "what really matters": Insights from a web-based survey on Patient-Centered Outcomes in GLUT1DS

CONCLUSION: GLUT1DS has a broad impact beyond core symptoms. A comprehensive, multidisciplinary care approach is essential for optimizing quality of life. These findings offer critical insights for refining clinical management strategies and shaping future research on patient-reported outcomes in GLUT1DS.

Published on: Wed, 04 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Costanza Varesio, Ludovica Pasca, Martina Paola Zanaboni, Simona Bertoli, Carla Brancaccio, Alessandra Camerini, Massimiliano Celario, Tiziana Granata, Serena Grumi, Andrea Lodi, Carla Marini, Francesca Operto, Carlo Alberto Quaranta, Francesca Ragona, Pasquale Striano, Anna Tagliabue, Pierangelo Veggiotti, Valentina De Giorgis,

Comparative analysis of hormonal and metabolic indices in phenotypic subgroups of polycystic ovary syndrome

CONCLUSION: PCOS phenotypes demonstrate distinct hormonal and metabolic patterns. Phenotype A represents the most metabolically and androgenically severe subgroup, whereas phenotype D is comparatively mild. FAI emerges as the most informative marker for hirsutism, supporting a phenotype-oriented approach to clinical assessment and follow-up in PCOS.

Published on: Wed, 04 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Belgin Savran Üçok, Türkan Dikici Aktaş, Emel Özalp, Can Ozan Ulusoy, Özgür Volkan Akbulut, Aziz Kından, Fahri Burçin Fıratlıgil,

The relationship between serum galectin-3 level and echocardiographic findings in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome

CONCLUSION: Galectin-3 levels were significantly associated with markers of subclinical atherosclerosis and early cardiac dysfunction in patients with PCOS. Galectin-3 demonstrated potential utility as a biomarker for the early identification of subclinical atherosclerosis and heart failure risk in this population. Notably, this study is the first to evaluate the association of galectin-3 with both A-IMT and GLS in patients with PCOS, providing novel insights into their cardiovascular risk...

Published on: Tue, 03 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Ibrahim Erdem, Huseyin Ali Ozturk, Erdinc Gulumsek, Fatih Necip Arici, Begum Seyda Avci, Cigdem Erhan, Dilan Damla Ozturk, Merve Saracoglu Sumbul, Hilmi Erdem Sumbul,

Analysis of the association between cytokine expression in the endometrial microenvironment and insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome

No abstract

Published on: Mon, 02 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Yan Feng, Hui Li, Xinghao Zhao, Linlin Liang,

Novel therapeutic potential of Serenoa repens in rat PCOS: Insights from network pharmacology and in vivo studies

CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence that S. repens exerts multi-targeted therapeutic effects in PCOS, and highlights S. repens and its marketed supplements as a promising phytotherapeutic option for PCOS management.

Published on: Mon, 02 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Aya M Taha, Camilia G Michel, Enas H Abdelrahman, Ahmed M Nagy, Mohamed F Abdel-Hameed, Dina E ElMosbah, Mona M Hashem,

Kisspeptin improves local ovarian insulin resistance in PCOS by modulating the PI3K/AKT/GLUT4 signaling pathway

CONCLUSION: Kisspeptin improves insulin resistance through the PI3K/AKT/GLUT4 signaling pathway and exerts its effects in vitro in granulosa cells. by protecting mitochondrial function. This study provides potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the treatment of PCOS-IR.

Published on: Mon, 02 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Na Sun, Pingping Sun, Lilan Sun, Ping Sun, Dandan Qi, Huagang Ma,

The impact of age on clinical features and fertility outcomes in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a secondary analysis based on the PCOSAct trial

CONCLUSION: The clinical presentation of PCOS evolves significantly with advancing age. It is typically characterized by a shift from a state of hyperandrogenism and reproductive abnormalities in younger women to a profile increasingly dominated by progressive metabolic disturbances and cardiovascular risks in later years. Although ovulation response improves in older patients, they face a higher risk of early pregnancy loss. This underscores the necessity of implementing age-stratified clinical...

Published on: Mon, 02 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Fengjuan Lu, Hong Yu, Jiaxing Feng, Yang Liu, Hang Ge, Baichao Shi, Muxin Guan, Hongli Ma, Yu Wang, Jing Cong, Wen Yang, Conghui Han, Jingshu Gao, Xiaoke Wu,

Changes in Metabolites and Microbial Communities in Follicular Fluid Associated With Ovarian Function in Patients With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a well-documented endocrine disorder associated with metabolic abnormalities. Research has indicated potential links between PCOS and the gut microbiome, and the presence of microbial communities in follicular fluid (FF) has been demonstrated; however, their functional interplay with metabolites has not been elucidated. This case-control study involved 40 patients with PCOS and 40 controls matched for age. A comprehensive analysis of FF metabolites and...

Published on: Mon, 02 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Manfei Si, Sen Yan, Shu Ding, Rui Liu, Xianglei Xiong, Jie Qiao, Xinyu Qi,

Harnessing probiotic-metformin synergy: targeting the gut-microbiota metabolism axis to ameliorate polycystic ovary syndrome

CONCLUSION: As an adjunct supplement to metformin, probiotics represent a novel, evidence-supported therapeutic strategy for PCOS. This approach offers enhanced efficacy and tolerability, with potential implications for a broader spectrum of metabolic disorders including T2DM; however, given the current paucity of related studies, conclusions should be drawn cautiously.

Published on: Mon, 02 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Wanqiu Yang, Lin Yin, Qingling Xie, Moyao Tan, Yunzhu Liu, Jili Xu, Jie Wu,

Multi-omics elucidation of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NKK20 in preventing PCOS via the gut-ovary axis: SCFAs-mediated microbiota-metabolite-immune crosstalk

CONCLUSION: Collectively, these findings delineate a novel preventive axis through which LP inhibits PCOS progression - namely, via coordinated "gut microbiota-metabolite-ovarian" crosstalk involving SCFA-mediated barrier restoration, microbial ecology stabilization, and suppression of ovarian inflammatory onset. This work advances the translational rationale for probiotic-based strategies in PCOS prevention.

Published on: Mon, 02 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Hao Xu, Xinyu Liu, Wen Sun, Xueyun Dong, Xuehui Liu, Yunhan Xie, Jiayuan He, Asmaa Ali, Min Chen, Liang Wu, Jie Ma, Keke Shao,