What is PCOS?

What is PCOS?

Despite what the name suggests, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome isn’t just about ovaries—or cysts, for that matter. In fact, many people diagnosed with PCOS don’t have any ovarian cysts at all. Confusing? You’re not alone. The name dates back to how the condition was first described, but science has come a long way since then. Today, we understand that PCOS is really a complex hormonal and metabolic condition that affects far more than reproductive health.

At its core, PCOS is about hormonal imbalance. When key hormones like insulin, androgens (like testosterone), and others are out of sync, they can create a domino effect throughout the body. This hormonal miscommunication can lead to irregular periods, acne, weight changes, hair loss or excess hair growth, difficulty with ovulation or fertility—and that’s just the shortlist. But here’s the thing: PCOS doesn’t follow a single pattern. Some women experience textbook symptoms. Others don’t fit the mold at all. That’s part of what makes PCOS so challenging—and why understanding your unique experience matters.

So, how can the PCOS Association help?

We’re here to offer more than definitions. We’re here to offer direction. Whether you’re newly diagnosed, still searching for answers, or years into your journey and feeling stuck, we’re committed to helping you make sense of PCOS—and make progress.

Here’s what you’ll find at PCOSA:

  • Reliable, science-backed information about what PCOS is (and isn’t)

  • 💬 Supportive communities of people who understand exactly what you’re going through

  • 🧬 Resources for navigating fertility, metabolic health, nutrition, and more

  • 🧠 Education for providers who want to better support their PCOS patients

  • 🙋‍♀️ Advocacy to make sure PCOS is recognized, researched, and respected

No fluff. No fad cures. Just real support, grounded in evidence and compassion.

At PCOSA, we believe every person with PCOS deserves to be informed, empowered, and heard. Wherever you are in your journey, we’re honored to walk with you.

pcos

pcos: Latest results from PubMed

Unmasking an insulinoma: recurrent Hypoglycemia in a young patient following GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy -A case report

CONCLUSION: This case emphasizes that hypoglycemia occurring during GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy is not always a drug-related side effect but may result from unmasking of an underlying insulinoma.

Published on: Tue, 27 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Nicole Baldera-Rodriguez, Natasha Simo-Campillo, Patricia Sanrregre-Oven, Enrique Capellan Lopez, Ramon Romano, Anahi B Goicochea,

Efficacy of Stop GnRH-Agonist/Antagonist versus GnRH-Antagonist Protocols in In Vitro Fertilization Cycles of Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

CONCLUSION: The Stop GnRH-agonist/GnRH-antagonist protocol is a viable alternative for PCOS patients, offering comparable oocyte yields and safety profiles to the conventional GnRH antagonist protocol. Larger studies are needed to confirm these findings and evaluate long-term outcomes such as pregnancy and live birth rates (registration number: IRCT20180409039247N10).

Published on: Tue, 27 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Azadeh Tarafdari, Fatemeh Keikhah, Maryam Bagheri, Masoumeh Masoumi, Rana Karimi, Mohammad Amin Prasaei, Mohadese Dashtkoohi, Marjan Ghaemi,

Co-administration of Bone Marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Royal Jelly Improved Ovarian Tissue Function in PCOS Rats via the Regulation of Inflammation and Angiogenesis

CONCLUSION: RJ and BM-MSCs may restore ovarian function by regulating inflammation, angiogenesis, and oocyte quality.

Published on: Tue, 27 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Omeh Leyla Bakhshi, Seyed Gholam Ali Jorsaraei, Roya Bisheh Kolaei, Zahra Basirat, Maryam Gholami Tabar Tabari,

Impact of Soybean and Swimming Training Modifications on Inflammation, Neurogenesis and Cognitive Function in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Experimental and Bioinformatics Study

CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that complementary and alternative medicine approaches offer therapeutic benefits for symptom mitigation and systemic health improvement in PCOS management.

Published on: Tue, 27 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Zohreh Massah, Farzaneh Taghian,

Exploring Microbiome-Based Therapy: Bacterial Flavonoid Synthesis as a Novel Approach to PCOS Treatment

CONCLUSION: Microbiome-based medicinal approaches, including microbial flavonoid production, may offer novel strategies for PCOS management. Rigorous preclinical studies and well-designed clinical trials are essential to establish their efficacy, safety, and therapeutic potential.

Published on: Tue, 27 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Navjyoti Goyal, Sarita Sharma, Ruby Bhatia, Sumeet Gupta,

Comment on "AMH predicts miscarriage in non-PCOS but not in PCOS related infertility ART cycles"

No abstract

Published on: Mon, 26 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Chang Liu,

Retraction Note: LncRNA HOTAIRM1, miR-433-5p and PIK3CD function as a ceRNA network to exacerbate the development of PCOS

No abstract

Published on: Mon, 26 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Hongmin Guo, Ting Li, Xinhui Sun,

Elevated homocysteine levels predict impaired liver and renal function in women of reproductive age with polycystic ovary syndrome: a post-hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial

CONCLUSION: Elevated Hcy levels are significantly associated with indicators of impaired liver and renal function in women of reproductive age with PCOS.

Published on: Mon, 26 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Xi Luo, Wang-Yu Cai, Xiao-Ke Wu,

Comparison of the therapeutic effects of sacubitril and valsartan combination versus metformin in experimentally induced polycystic ovary syndrome in rats

CONCLUSION: Sacubitril and valsartan combination has been shown to have significant therapeutic benefits for PCOS. It markedly reduces cystic follicles and PCOS-associated insulin resistance, improves serum lipid levels, and is supported by pathological findings.

Published on: Mon, 26 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Muhammed Yayla, Bengul Ozdemir Sarikaya, Erdem Toktay, Huseyin Fatih Gul, Ugur Ermis, Damla Binnetoglu,

Serum Levels of CCN3 Protein in Iranian Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

CONCLUSION: According the results of this study CCN3 may be involved in the pathogenesis of PCOS. However, future studies are needed to evaluate the possibility of utilizing CCN3 in the diagnosis and treatment of the disease.

Published on: Mon, 26 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Akram Vatannejad, Fatima Zahraa Fouani, Reza Fadaei, Asma Kheirollahi, Soheila Ansaripour, Maryam Shabani Nashtaei, Nariman Moradi, Hossein Montakhab-Yeganeh, Faezeh Fattahi, Farah Jadidizadeh,

The Effect of Letrozole and N-Acetylcysteine on the Expression Levels of Genes Involved in Glucose Metabolism in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Clinical Trial Study

CONCLUSION: NAC can improve the quality of oocytes by increasing the expression level of genes involved in the glucose metabolism (PKM2, PFKP) of CCs, thereby potentially improving ART success rate in PCOS patients. Therefore, administering NAC along with letrozole can have a synergistic effect on increasing the expression level of genes associated with blastocyst quality in PCOS patients.

Published on: Mon, 26 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Ebrahim Jafarzadeh, Roghiyeh Pashaei-Asl, Parvin Hakimi, Maryam Pashaiasl,

Effectiveness of exercise interventions on androgen and sex hormone-binding globulin levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis

CONCLUSION: Aerobic exercise significantly reduces total testosterone levels in women with PCOS, according to this meta-analysis, indicating that it may be used as a non-pharmacological method of managing hyperandrogenism.

Published on: Mon, 26 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Leman Atmaca, Shalini Chauhan, Sachal Sadiq Najaf, Mohammed Elmadani, Maha Al-Jawarneh, Anaam Soloh, Zsuzsanna Varga, József Vitrai, Viktoria Prémusz,

Amelioration of polycystic ovarian morphology by Tokishakuyakusan in a PCOS rat model: association with bone morphogenetic protein 4

CONCLUSION: TSS ameliorated PCOS-like ovarian histopathology in prenatally DHT-treated rats and enhanced progesterone production by upregulating Star expression in GCs, accompanied by reduced BMP4 expression. These findings suggest that TSS may improve irregular estrous cycles and ovarian morphology in PCOS through the regulation of BMP4 signaling.

Published on: Mon, 26 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Mako Ueda, Satoko Osuka, Atsushi Yabuki, Natsuki Miyake, Naoki Fujitsuka, Miwa Nahata, Yohei Tokita, Jiali Ruan, None Bayasula, Takehiko Takeda, Tomomi Seki, Reina Sonehara, Ayako Muraoka, Tomoko Nakamura, Hiroaki Kajiyama,

Predictors of miscarriage in polycystic ovary syndrome patients with threatened abortion: development and validation of a nomogram model

CONCLUSION: Three clinical variables were independently associated with failed pregnancy maintenance in PCOS patients with threatened abortion. The developed prediction model, based on these variables, exhibits high accuracy and clinical applicability, providing a reliable tool for risk stratification and clinical decision-making.

Published on: Mon, 26 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Luhang Ma, Qingdiao Zhou,

Melatonin Attenuates Androgen-Induced Visceral Adiposity in an Experimental Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Model

CONCLUSION: Our findings identify melatonin as a metabolic modulator of androgen-driven adiposity, supporting its potential as an adjunctive therapy targeting visceral fat and inflammation in PCOS.

Published on: Mon, 26 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Nina Tirso, Emina Kiseljakovic, Almir Fajkić, Samra Custovic, Maida Sahinovic, Orhan Lepara,