What is PCOS?

What is PCOS?

Despite what the name suggests, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome isn’t just about ovaries—or cysts, for that matter. In fact, many people diagnosed with PCOS don’t have any ovarian cysts at all. Confusing? You’re not alone. The name dates back to how the condition was first described, but science has come a long way since then. Today, we understand that PCOS is really a complex hormonal and metabolic condition that affects far more than reproductive health.

At its core, PCOS is about hormonal imbalance. When key hormones like insulin, androgens (like testosterone), and others are out of sync, they can create a domino effect throughout the body. This hormonal miscommunication can lead to irregular periods, acne, weight changes, hair loss or excess hair growth, difficulty with ovulation or fertility—and that’s just the shortlist. But here’s the thing: PCOS doesn’t follow a single pattern. Some women experience textbook symptoms. Others don’t fit the mold at all. That’s part of what makes PCOS so challenging—and why understanding your unique experience matters.

So, how can the PCOS Association help?

We’re here to offer more than definitions. We’re here to offer direction. Whether you’re newly diagnosed, still searching for answers, or years into your journey and feeling stuck, we’re committed to helping you make sense of PCOS—and make progress.

Here’s what you’ll find at PCOSA:

  • Reliable, science-backed information about what PCOS is (and isn’t)

  • 💬 Supportive communities of people who understand exactly what you’re going through

  • 🧬 Resources for navigating fertility, metabolic health, nutrition, and more

  • 🧠 Education for providers who want to better support their PCOS patients

  • 🙋‍♀️ Advocacy to make sure PCOS is recognized, researched, and respected

No fluff. No fad cures. Just real support, grounded in evidence and compassion.

At PCOSA, we believe every person with PCOS deserves to be informed, empowered, and heard. Wherever you are in your journey, we’re honored to walk with you.

pcos

pcos: Latest results from PubMed

Global Burden of Non-Neoplastic Gynecological Diseases in Women: A 32-Year Analysis with Projections to 2100

CONCLUSIONS: Non-neoplastic gynecological diseases pose major public health challenges in low-resource settings, necessitating targeted interventions for rising infertility and PCOS. Population growth served as the primary driver of the increased burden of gynecological diseases.

Published on: Sun, 14 Sep 2025 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Dongqing Gu, Mengling Qi, Rui Gui, Dan Zhou, Chengying Su, Pan Hu, Lubin Liu,

Polycystic ovary syndrome and elevated body mass index independently increase type 2 diabetes risk with obesity-mediated risk dominating: a real-world data analysis of US patients

CONCLUSIONS: In the current analysis, PCOS was independently associated with increased T2DM incidence across all BMI categories. Moreover, the elevated BMI in PCOS patients confers additional T2DM risk mediated by excess adiposity. This BMI-mediated risk exceeds the risk associated with PCOS through other mechanisms, such as hyperandrogenism.

Published on: Sun, 14 Sep 2025 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Konstantin Sharafutdinov, Jan Hilpert, Rolf Burghaus, Christian Diedrich, Jörg Lippert, Christian Scheerans, Steffen Schaper,

The efficacy of RNA-seq-based endometrial receptivity test (rsERT) in guiding personalized embryo transfer in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome without recurrent implantation failure: a randomized controlled trial

CONCLUSIONS: Current evidence does not support the routine use of rsERT for personalized embryo transfer in PCOS patients without RIF. Further large-scale, well-designed clinical trials are needed.

Published on: Sat, 13 Sep 2025 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Jingjing Chen, Jianjuan Zhao, Qin Hu, Jing Fu, Jing Zhao, Qiong Zhang, Bin Xu, Hui Li, Yanping Li,

Update on diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome during adolescence

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine and metabolic condition beginning during the peripubertal years. The international evidence-based guidelines and the update in 2023 have clearly defined the diagnostic criteria during adolescence with the goal of decreasing controversies and challenges with the diagnosis during this critical life stage. In this narrative review we aimed to examine the recent available data related to the diagnosis of PCOS during adolescence. Specifically, we...

Published on: Sat, 13 Sep 2025 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Alexia Sophie Peña, Selma Feldman Witchel,

Quercetin-cyclodextrin combination effects on cytochrome P450 genes, oxidative stress and ovarian function in PCOS rats

This study investigates the effect of the quercetin/cyclodextrin (Que/β-CD) complex on oxidative stress, cytochrome P450 gene expression, and ovarian tissue structure in a rat polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) model. The Que/β-CD complexes were synthesized using the solvent evaporation method and characterized via scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Thirty female Wistar rats (6 weeks old, 160-180 g) with regular estrous cycles were...

Published on: Sat, 13 Sep 2025 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Fatemeh Taghipour, Hadi Samadian, Razieh Dalirfardouei, Sara Soleimani Asl, Nastaran Barati, Tayebe Artimani,

NAD(+) Rescues Phosphatidylinositol-Induced Granulosa Cell Pyroptosis to Restore Follicular Development in PCOS

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a systemic endocrine metabolic disorder that seriously affects women's reproductive health. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism by which NAD^(+) precursors inhibits granulosa cell (GCs) pyroptosis induced by increased phosphatidylinositol (PI) levels in PCOS. Metabolomic profiling of PCOS patients demonstrated significant lipid metabolic disturbances, with differentially metabolites significantly enriched in phosphatidylinositol signaling, pyroptosis...

Published on: Sat, 13 Sep 2025 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Xiuli Yang, Kongwei Huang, Jinfang Qin, Xueying Cui, Zhihan Zhang, Qiumei Huang, Yafei Wu, Xiaocan Lei, Shun Zhang,

Linking altered gut microbiome to polycystic ovarian syndrome through immune mediated pathway

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder characterized by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and metabolic disturbances. A balanced gut microbiome plays an important role in managing homeostatic signalling pathways in the body. These pathways regulate normal bodily functions but can become dysregulated under dysbiotic conditions. Recent research has highlighted the role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovarian syndrome. Key Bacterial taxa such as...

Published on: Sat, 13 Sep 2025 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Vaishnavi A Pathak, Sanjay J Kshirsagar, Gitanjali S Deokar,

Diagnosis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Non-Hispanic Black Race Are Predictive of Hypertension in Reproductive Age Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Introdution: Hypertension (HTN), metabolic syndrome (MetS), and obesity are common in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS); these comorbidities may be more common in non-Hispanic Black (NHB) and Hispanic women with PCOS. Methods: We examined electronic health records in an academic health care system using International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, diagnostic codes to identify PCOS cases (n = 4,479) and control women (n = 771). We examined associations between PCOS and...

Published on: Sat, 13 Sep 2025 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Faith Okifo, Lubna Pal, Margaret Mushi, Nina Stachenfeld,

Hypertension and Obesity in Women with PCOS: Now Is the Time to Improve Women's Care

No abstract

Published on: Sat, 13 Sep 2025 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Damian G Romero, Ahmed M Abdelhameed, Manar A Eissa, Licy L Yanes Cardozo,

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and the Effects of a Ketogenic Diet: A Scoping Review

Background/Objectives: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy experienced by females. Diagnosis of PCOS is established when at least two of the following are present: hyperandrogenism, oligo-anovulation, and/or polycystic ovaries. Conservative treatment for PCOS includes dietary modifications and physical activity. The purpose of this scoping review was to evaluate the efficacy of a ketogenic diet in improving biochemical measures and reducing the severity of PCOS...

Published on: Sat, 13 Sep 2025 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Dayelise Fleigle, Jason Brumitt, Erika McCarthy, Travis Adelman, Corey Asbell,

Risk of Abortion and Ectopic Pregnancy in Women with a History of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study

Objectives: The purpose of this retrospective cohort study was to ascertain the risk of abortion, ectopic pregnancy and hydatidiform mole development in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) using data from Korea's National Health Insurance Service. Method: The women aged 20-49 years who were diagnosed with PCOS between 1 January 2012 and 31 December 2020 were enrolled. The control group (non-PCOS group) was composed of women aged 20-49 years who visited medical institutions for health...

Published on: Sat, 13 Sep 2025 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Jin-Sung Yuk, Sang-Hee Yoon, Seung-Woo Yang,

Stimulated Hyperinsulinemia Is Independently Associated with Higher Serum DHEAS in PCOS: A Retrospective Study

Background/Objectives: Increased dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) is used as a diagnostic marker of hyperandrogenism in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The mechanisms of adrenal hyperandrogenism in PCOS include hyperinsulinism as a potential stimulator, but results of studies associating insulinemia with DHEAS in PCOS are conflicting. The objective of this study was to evaluate the factors associated with DHEAS levels in PCOS, focusing on insulinemia. Methods: We performed a...

Published on: Sat, 13 Sep 2025 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Nicoleta Baculescu, Serban Radian, Dana Manda, Cristina Georgiana Serban, Dan Alexandru Niculescu, Monica Livia Gheorghiu, Florin Grigorescu, Catalina Poiana,

A Pilot Study of the Role of Salivary Biomarkers in the Diagnosis of PCOS in Adolescents Across Different Body Weight Categories

Background/Objectives: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder affecting reproductive, metabolic, and inflammatory processes in women of reproductive age. This study explored the diagnostic potential of salivary cytokines, uric acid, and testosterone in distinguishing PCOS patients from healthy controls, as well as to examine their associations with hormonal and metabolic profiles within the PCOS group. Methods: Forty-one adolescent girls with PCOS and thirty healthy...

Published on: Sat, 13 Sep 2025 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Justyna Opydo-Szymaczek, Natalia Wendland, Dorota Formanowicz, Anna Blacha, Grażyna Jarząbek-Bielecka, Paulina Radomyska, Dominika Kruszyńska, Małgorzata Mizgier,

Molecular Insights into Elevated Autoantibodies in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrinological condition among women of reproductive age, characterized by several well-known symptoms, including hyperandrogenism, anovulation, irregular menstrual cycles, and insulin resistance. In addition, women suffering from PCOS are also at an increased risk of developing several autoimmune diseases, including thyroid disorders, type 1 diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis. Furthermore, an elevated prevalence of diverse autoantibodies is...

Published on: Sat, 13 Sep 2025 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Jakub Kwiatkowski, Nicole Akpang, Zofia Ziemkiewicz, Lucja Zaborowska, Artur Ludwin,

The Effects of Different Exercises on Insulin Resistance and Testosterone Changes in Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Network Meta-Analysis Study

CONCLUSIONS: Yoga is the optimal intervention for dual-pathway improvement in PCOS. HIIT and MICT provide outcome-specific benefits (metabolic vs. endocrine), whereas CT and RT necessitate protocol refinement.

Published on: Sat, 13 Sep 2025 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Yuandan Tan, Yujie Liu, Ami Koga, Yuling Yuan, Haohan Yu, Jingmin Liu,