What is PCOS?

What is PCOS?

Despite what the name suggests, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome isn’t just about ovaries—or cysts, for that matter. In fact, many people diagnosed with PCOS don’t have any ovarian cysts at all. Confusing? You’re not alone. The name dates back to how the condition was first described, but science has come a long way since then. Today, we understand that PCOS is really a complex hormonal and metabolic condition that affects far more than reproductive health.

At its core, PCOS is about hormonal imbalance. When key hormones like insulin, androgens (like testosterone), and others are out of sync, they can create a domino effect throughout the body. This hormonal miscommunication can lead to irregular periods, acne, weight changes, hair loss or excess hair growth, difficulty with ovulation or fertility—and that’s just the shortlist. But here’s the thing: PCOS doesn’t follow a single pattern. Some women experience textbook symptoms. Others don’t fit the mold at all. That’s part of what makes PCOS so challenging—and why understanding your unique experience matters.

So, how can the PCOS Association help?

We’re here to offer more than definitions. We’re here to offer direction. Whether you’re newly diagnosed, still searching for answers, or years into your journey and feeling stuck, we’re committed to helping you make sense of PCOS—and make progress.

Here’s what you’ll find at PCOSA:

  • Reliable, science-backed information about what PCOS is (and isn’t)

  • 💬 Supportive communities of people who understand exactly what you’re going through

  • 🧬 Resources for navigating fertility, metabolic health, nutrition, and more

  • 🧠 Education for providers who want to better support their PCOS patients

  • 🙋‍♀️ Advocacy to make sure PCOS is recognized, researched, and respected

No fluff. No fad cures. Just real support, grounded in evidence and compassion.

At PCOSA, we believe every person with PCOS deserves to be informed, empowered, and heard. Wherever you are in your journey, we’re honored to walk with you.

pcos

pcos: Latest results from PubMed

C-peptide in polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine condition in women of reproductive age, characterized by irregular menstruation, hyperandrogenism, and the presence of ovarian cysts. The fundamental pathophysiology is intricate, encompassing insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and impaired hormonal control. C-peptide, a consequence of insulin production, has emerged as a valuable biomarker for evaluating insulin resistance and beta-cell functionality in PCOS. Although previously deemed...

Published on: Sat, 10 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Faezeh Mahd Gharebagh, Sana Najafi, Asra Zeinalpour, Rozhina Sadat Pirouzmand, Hojat Ghasemnejad-Berenji, Mortaza Taheri-Anganeh,

AMH levels and diagnosis in PCOS phenotype D

CONCLUSIONS: Serum AMH is a valuable biomarker for diagnosing PCOS phenotype D. The use of age-specific AMH cut-off values may improve diagnostic accuracy and facilitate earlier recognition of this frequently underdiagnosed PCOS subtype.

Published on: Sat, 10 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Xiaofang Xuan, Minxia Zhang, Yaqi Fang, Liyun Su, Ke Xu,

Impact of vitamin D deficiency on phenotypes and IVF outcomes in PCOS: a prospective study

CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D deficiency is correlated with worse parameters, especially higher androstenedione concentrations in infertile women with PCOS. Vitamin D deficiency has no correlation with clinical pregnancy or early miscarriage in women with PCOS undergoing IVF/ICSI treatment.

Published on: Sat, 10 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Fei Zhao, Duo Wen, Lin Zeng, Lixue Chen, Rong Li, Hongbin Chi,

Microbiota and infertility: a translational review of mechanisms and clinical applications in assisted reproduction

Infertility constitutes a major global health concern, affecting approximately 17.5% of couples of reproductive age. Although advances in assisted reproductive technologies (ART) have expanded treatment options, success rates remain highly variable due to host-specific and biological determinants. This review synthesizes current evidence on the reproductive impact of the human microbiota and its translational relevance to ART outcomes. Vaginal microbial communities dominated by Lactobacillus,...

Published on: Sat, 10 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Bixiu Du, Yaru Yang, Lang He, Ying Tang,

Lifestyle and Selected Issues Related to Sexual Health: The Importance of Specialist Care in Balneology, Dietetics, and Physiotherapy

Background/Objectives: Sexual health is shaped by lifestyle factors alongside biomedical determinants. This review synthesises evidence on physiotherapy, balneology/peloidotherapy, and diet therapy as preventive and therapeutic adjuncts for female sexual dysfunctions and related gynaecological conditions. Methods: A structured narrative review of PubMed and Google Scholar (June-July 2025) was conducted by three independent reviewers using predefined keywords in English and Polish. Case reports,...

Published on: Sat, 10 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Agata Puszcz, Paulina Kozłowska, Justyna Wójcik, Anna Morawska, Małgorzata Wójcik, Katarzyna Plagens-Rotman, Monika Englert-Golon, Jakub Mroczyk, Małgorzata Mizgier, Ewa Jakubek, Magdalena Pisarska-Krawczyk, Stefan Sajdak, Klaudyna Madziar, Witold Kędzia, Grażyna Jarząbek-Bielecka,

Clinical Potential of Curcuma longa Linn. as Nutraceutical/Dietary Supplement for Metabolic Syndrome: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its associated conditions, namely, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), obesity, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are characterized by insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and low-grade inflammation. Curcumin, a polyphenolic compound derived from Curcuma longa Linn., exhibits pleiotropic metabolic and anti-inflammatory properties and has thus been evaluated as a nutraceutical intervention for these conditions, but findings...

Published on: Sat, 10 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Samuel Abiodun Kehinde, Zahid Naeem Qaisrani, Rinrada Pattanayaiying, Bo Bo Lay, Khin Yadanar Phyo, Wai Phyo Lin, Myat Mon San, Nurulhusna Awaeloh, Sasithon Aunsorn, Ran Kitkangplu, Sasitorn Chusri,

Metabolic Determinants of PCSK9 Regulation in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: The Role of Insulin Resistance, Obesity, and Tobacco Smoke Exposure

The aim of this study was to examine associations involving serum proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) in metabolic disturbances observed in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), with particular emphasis on the potential impact of tobacco smoke exposure. The study included 88 women: 60 with PCOS (23 smokers and 37 non-smokers) and 28 without PCOS. Selected biochemical and molecular biomarkers related to lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation were assessed....

Published on: Sat, 10 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Justyna Niepsuj, Agnieszka Piwowar, Grzegorz Franik, Anna Bizoń,

Advances, Mechanisms, and Clinical Perspectives for the In Vitro Maturation of Human Oocytes

The in vitro maturation (IVM) of human oocytes represents a valuable assisted reproductive technology that bypasses the need for full ovarian stimulation, offering safer alternatives for patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), resistant ovary syndrome, or those requiring fertility preservation before oncological treatment. Despite its potential, IVM efficiency remains lower than that of conventional in vitro fertilization (IVF) due to incomplete understanding of the molecular and...

Published on: Sat, 10 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Marta Gargallo-Alonso, Helen M Picton, Clara Malo,

Diagnostic Value and Metabolic Association of Serum Clusterin in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine and metabolic disorder characterized by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and an increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Clusterin (CLU), a chaperone protein induced by cellular stress and known to play roles in inflammation, oxidative stress, and lipid metabolism, may be associated with the metabolic abnormalities observed in patients with PCOS. The purpose of this current study is to investigate serum CLU levels and...

Published on: Sat, 10 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Dilara Sarıkaya Kurt, Recep Taha Ağaoğlu, Mehmet Ferdi Kıncı, Tuğçe Sırma, Ahmet Kurt, Ramazan Erda Pay, İsmail Burak Gültekin, Hüseyin Levent Keskin, Sezin Ertürk Aksakal,

AMH in PCOS and Beyond-Rare Case Series

Background and Clinical Significance: Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a dimeric glycoprotein secreted from the granulosa cells of the preantral and small antral follicles, which has entered routine clinical practice as a valuable tool for the diagnosis of different ovarian disorders. Increased AMH levels have been recommended as a criterion for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). However, its widespread use remains limited due to analytical diversity and contradictory age-specific thresholds,...

Published on: Sat, 10 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Ralitsa Robeva, Tzvetozar Mehandjiev, Roumen Dimitrov, Yuri Hranov, Silvia Andonova, Mihaela Mladenova, Atanaska Elenkova, George Hadjidekov, Sabina Zacharieva,

Endometrial Hyperplasia: Current Insights into Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Clinical Management

Endometrial hyperplasia (EH) comprises a spectrum of abnormal proliferative changes in the endometrium, ranging from benign glandular overgrowth to lesions with substantial malignant potential. The importance of risk stratification and early identification is highlighted by the growing recognition of EH as a precursor to endometrial cancer. The main causes of EH, according to epidemiological research, include obesity, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), metabolic dysfunction, and extended...

Published on: Sat, 10 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Apostolia Galani, Sofoklis Stavros, Efthalia Moustakli, Anastasios Potiris, Athanasios Zikopoulos, Ismini Anagnostaki, Konstantinos Zacharis, Maria Paraskevaidi, Deirdre Lyons, Stefania Maneta-Stavrakaki, Nikolaos Thomakos, Maria Kyrgiou, Ekaterini Domali,

Acupuncture of polycystic ovary syndrome: delving into bile acid metabolism

CONCLUSIONS: Acupuncture therapy offers potential therapeutic benefits to PCOS women, with mechanisms involving the bile acid-FXR axis potentially contributing to improvements in insulin resistance and other disease-related symptoms.

Published on: Sat, 10 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Haolin Zhang, Yang Chen, Dai Heng, Jingzhi Luo, Haining Wang, Wei Wang, Zejun Huo, Rui Wei, Yang Ye, Xiaoyu Long, Chunmei Zhang, Wen Ma, Li Shi, Yang Yang, Chunhua Shan, Shuhan Yang, Rong Li, Dong Li, Jie Qiao,

Progressive impact of polycystic ovary syndrome on hormonal alteration, bone microarchitecture and mechanical properties

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by reproductive and metabolic dysfunction that may also impact bone metabolism and its structural integrity. This study aims to assess the progressive impact of PCOS on bone health over time. It focuses on how the duration of the condition influences hormonal profiles, bone metabolism, its microstructural and mechanical properties in the PCOS-induced mice model. Female BALB/c mice are separated into three groups, each further subdivided into PCOS...

Published on: Fri, 09 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Sarita Pandey, Saroj Kumar, Madhu Gupta, Shweta Shukla, Ramesh Chaurasiya, Hina Masroor, Aditi Singh, Navin Kumar, Md Arshad,

Idiopathic Hyperprolactinemia: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, Management, and Clinical Outcome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a multifactorial endocrine disorder often presenting with menstrual irregularities, hyperandrogenism, and metabolic dysfunction. Hyperprolactinemia, characterized by elevated prolactin levels, may share overlapping features with PCOS and complicate diagnosis. When these two conditions coexist, they present unique clinical and management challenges. A 25-year-old woman with a history of PCOS presented with amenorrhea, progressive weight gain, and irregular...

Published on: Fri, 09 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Olabosipo Sholuade, Goodness Njoku, Suma Kaza, Reshma A Fatteh, Manoj Kollukkad, Charles Edwards,

Ameliorative effects of Corchorus olitorius leaf ethanolic extract on letrozole-induced polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in rats

CONCLUSION: These results suggest that C. olitorius leaves ameliorate PCOS symptoms in the studied biochemical and histological parameters.

Published on: Fri, 09 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Udoh Ekaette Sunday, Essiet Grace Akanimo, Victor Udo Nna, Umoren Inyang Arit, Ugbem Theophilius Ipeh, Lapeh Pierre Takem, Umiom Edem,