What is PCOS?

What is PCOS?

Despite what the name suggests, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome isn’t just about ovaries—or cysts, for that matter. In fact, many people diagnosed with PCOS don’t have any ovarian cysts at all. Confusing? You’re not alone. The name dates back to how the condition was first described, but science has come a long way since then. Today, we understand that PCOS is really a complex hormonal and metabolic condition that affects far more than reproductive health.

At its core, PCOS is about hormonal imbalance. When key hormones like insulin, androgens (like testosterone), and others are out of sync, they can create a domino effect throughout the body. This hormonal miscommunication can lead to irregular periods, acne, weight changes, hair loss or excess hair growth, difficulty with ovulation or fertility—and that’s just the shortlist. But here’s the thing: PCOS doesn’t follow a single pattern. Some women experience textbook symptoms. Others don’t fit the mold at all. That’s part of what makes PCOS so challenging—and why understanding your unique experience matters.

So, how can the PCOS Association help?

We’re here to offer more than definitions. We’re here to offer direction. Whether you’re newly diagnosed, still searching for answers, or years into your journey and feeling stuck, we’re committed to helping you make sense of PCOS—and make progress.

Here’s what you’ll find at PCOSA:

  • Reliable, science-backed information about what PCOS is (and isn’t)

  • 💬 Supportive communities of people who understand exactly what you’re going through

  • 🧬 Resources for navigating fertility, metabolic health, nutrition, and more

  • 🧠 Education for providers who want to better support their PCOS patients

  • 🙋‍♀️ Advocacy to make sure PCOS is recognized, researched, and respected

No fluff. No fad cures. Just real support, grounded in evidence and compassion.

At PCOSA, we believe every person with PCOS deserves to be informed, empowered, and heard. Wherever you are in your journey, we’re honored to walk with you.

pcos

pcos: Latest results from PubMed

Cardiovascular Dysfunction in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Mitochondrial and Inflammatory Mechanisms

CONCLUSION: Mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation are interdependent mechanisms that contribute substantially to cardiovascular risk in women with PCOS. Targeting mitochondrial dysfunction and systemic inflammation presents a promising therapeutic strategy for reducing cardiovascular morbidity in PCOS. Future research should emphasize phenotype-specific interventions, biomarker discovery, and translational trials to improve long-term reproductive and cardiovascular outcomes.

Published on: Thu, 29 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Olabimpe Caroline Badejogbin, Mary Olaoluwa Agunloye, Ojichukwuka Ebere Chijioke-Agu, Makinde Vincent Olubiyi, Success Oluwanifesimi Olugbuyiro, Olaniyi Azeez Soetan, Opeyemi Abel Bamgbose, Tobi Opeyemi Olaleye,

Pain in polycystic ovary syndrome: a comprehensive bedside to bench perspective on an underrecognized symptom

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder, with a reported worldwide prevalence of 5%-20% in women of reproductive age. It is defined primarily by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovarian morphology. In addition to the reproductive and metabolic features of PCOS, patients often experience chronic pain, which is the most frequently reported symptom. Pain in the pelvic area, dysmenorrhea, bloating, and abdominal cramping are all common in PCOS patients....

Published on: Thu, 29 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Lida Khodavirdilou, Jenny L Wilkerson,

Effects of combined oral contraceptives and metformin on paraoxonase 1 lactonase activity and status in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome and insulin resistance

CONCLUSION: Treatment with COCs and metformin enhanced the antioxidant capacity of circulating HDL and improved BMI, glycolipid metabolism, IR, and hyperandrogenism in patients with PCOS and IR.

Published on: Thu, 29 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Jiagui Liang, Qiuyi Wang, Dong Liu, Lukanxuan Wu, Xinyu Qiao, Ruiying Wang, Yuchan Zhong, Wenjie Bo, Huiqiao Lai, Ping Fan, Wei Huang,

Biomarkers for effective prognosis of polycystic ovary syndrome: a full review

INTRODUCTION: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complicated endocrine condition marked by reproductive, metabolic and chronobiological perturbations. Despite a number of biomarkers that can be used in its diagnosis, they only show the existence of the syndrome and not much information about prognosis. This prognostic blindness complicates disease management and contributes to increased healthcare and economic burden.

Published on: Thu, 29 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Ishanka Singh, Anuja Pant, Pawan Kumar Maurya,

Metabolic effects of testosterone therapy in transgender and gender diverse individuals with polycystic ovary syndrome

CONCLUSION: . Greater baseline cardiometabolic risk was largely BMI-related in TGD with PCOS compared to TGD without PCOS. Only hyperlipidemia and elevated ALT were more prevalent during TT after adjusting for BMI. These findings support cardiometabolic monitoring during TT in all TGD individuals without significant increased risk with PCOS history.

Published on: Thu, 29 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Justine Herndon, J Anderson McNeil, Salym Winter, Alice Y Chang,

Circ_0075691 regulates lipid metabolism in granulosa cells by interacting with EIF4A3 to promote PTGS2 mRNA stability

CONCLUSION: This study revealed that circ_0075691 played a crucial role in PCOS-related granulosa cell functions and lipid metabolism. The circ_0075691/EIF4A3/PTGS2 axis provided new insights into the molecular mechanism of PCOS and potential therapeutic targets.

Published on: Wed, 28 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Pengyu Huang, Jianshu Cai, Gangxin Chen, Huiling Xu, Suzhu Chen, Haiyan Li, Yun Fu, Beihong Zheng, Zhengmian Zhang,

Regulation of Lipid Biology-Associated Gene Expression in Granulosa Cells in Hyperandrogenic PCOS: A Possible Link Between Dyslipidemia and Hyperandrogenism

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous reproductive endocrine condition in women, with implications in fertility and long-term metabolic health. PCOS with hyperandrogen (HA-PCOS; hyperandrogenic PCOS) has been recently identified as one of the four subtypes of PCOS. Dyslipidemia is known to be associated with clinical hyperandrogenism in PCOS. Indeed, patients with HA-PCOS were found to have the highest incidence of dyslipidemia among patients with the other three subtypes of PCOS....

Published on: Wed, 28 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Caglar Berkel,

Phoenixin-14 Ameliorates Ovarian Morphology in a DHEA-Induced Rat Model of PCOS

ABSTRACT: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a complex reproductive-endocrine disorder characterized by impaired folliculogenesis, anovulation, and hormonal imbalance. While PNX-14 is known as a hypothalamic peptide that modulates GnRH signalling, emerging evidence indicates its local ovarian expression, particularly in granulosa and luteal cells, suggesting potential peripheral roles in follicular development. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of PNX-14 in a...

Published on: Wed, 28 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Miray Berber, Gonca Topal, Asligul Bulut, Gulce Sevdar Cecen, Habibe Goren, Gamze Guney Eskiler, Zulfiye Gul, Duygu Gok Yurtseven,

Association Between Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Pregnancy Outcomes in GDM: A Secondary Analysis of the DiGest Trial

CONCLUSIONS: In women with GDM, PCOS was not associated with increased risks for most suboptimal pregnancy outcomes or reduced efficacy of a dietary intervention in this cohort where BMI and glycaemia were comparable.

Published on: Wed, 28 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Laura C Kusinski, Zhaohui Liu, Sarah Dib, Rebecca Rogers, Amy E Morrison, Danielle L Jones, Claire L Meek,

The relationship between sex hormones, metabolic markers, and cognitive linguistic functions in women with PCOS

CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that there is a relationship between hormonal, metabolic markers, and cognitive functions in patients suffering from PCOS.

Published on: Wed, 28 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Agnieszka Adamczak, Izabela Dymanowska, Aleksandra Glowinska, Wlodzimierz Plotek, Karolina Frankowska, Julia Spaczynska, Ewa Wysocka, Beata Banaszewska,

Case Report: Postmenopausal hyperandrogenism misled by adrenal incidentaloma: a rare case of androgen-secreting ovarian adult granulosa cell tumor and clinical implications

BACKGROUND: Ovarian adult-type granulosa cell tumors (AGCTs) are rare sex cord-stromal neoplasms, accounting for 95% of ovarian granulosa cell tumors (GCTs) but only 10% of which secrete androgens. For postmenopausal women, hyperandrogenism is commonly attributed to conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), while androgen-secreting AGCTs are extremely rare, often leading to diagnostic challenges-especially when accompanied by adrenal incidentalomas that may divert clinical attention.

Published on: Wed, 28 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Conghui Cao, Xiaoli Wang,

Metabolite and gut microbiota co-biomarkers in Danggui Shaoyao San: insights into a shared therapeutic approach

Danggui Shaoyao San (DSS), a classical multi-herbal formulation of traditional Chinese medicine, demonstrates therapeutic potential for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), Alzheimer's Disease (AD), and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). This review proposes a unified mechanism whereby DSS exerts its effects by modulating a network of shared pathological biomarkers across these disorders. We identify tryptophan (Trp) and phenylalanine (Phe) as host-derived metabolic biomarkers in plasma, and the gut...

Published on: Wed, 28 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Xin Fu, Dinghan Peng, Yang Yu, Mingguo Cao, Xin Zheng, Songquan Wu,

Exploring key genes related to air pollutants in polycystic ovary syndrome: A comprehensive analysis from transcriptome and single-cell analysis combined with network toxicology

CONCLUSION: This study provides the integrative transcriptomic analysis linking air pollutant exposure to PCOS. ESR2, FAAH, and MAOB emerge as potential mediators of pollutant-induced endocrine disruption, offering novel molecular insights and candidate biomarkers for environmentally driven PCOS.

Published on: Wed, 28 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Zixun Zhuang, Fengdan Sun, Bingying Fan, Hongbo Wu, Chun Luo, Qingling Ren,

Effects of Probiotic Supplementation on Mental Health and the Risk of Depression in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is commonly associated with psychological disorders, including depression and anxiety. Women with PCOS also tend to experience poorer sleep quality and greater daytime sleepiness than healthy individuals. To the best of our knowledge, no systematic reviews have investigated the impact of probiotic supplementation on mental health and sleep patterns in women with PCOS. Emerging evidence indicates that probiotic therapy may be a promising adjunct for...

Published on: Wed, 28 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Karolina Łagowska, Dagmara Ptaszyńska,

Vitamin D in Endocrine Disorders: A Broad Overview of Evidence in Musculoskeletal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, and Reproductive Disorders

Vitamin D is well established for its skeletal effects, being a cornerstone of several endocrine disorders. In recent years, it has come under investigation as a potential disease-modifying drug in several endocrine disorders through its immune modulatory and anti-tumorigenic action, particularly in thyroid disease, gynecologic disorders, and general fertility. Vitamin D supplementation is well established in the treatment of osteoporosis, osteomalacia, hypoparathyroidism, and primary...

Published on: Wed, 28 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Balazs Lengyel, Richard Armos, Bence Bojtor, Andras Kiss, Balint Tobias, Henriett Piko, Anett Illes, Eszter Horvath, Zsuzsanna Putz, Istvan Takacs, Janos P Kosa, Peter Lakatos,