What is PCOS?

What is PCOS?

Despite what the name suggests, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome isn’t just about ovaries—or cysts, for that matter. In fact, many people diagnosed with PCOS don’t have any ovarian cysts at all. Confusing? You’re not alone. The name dates back to how the condition was first described, but science has come a long way since then. Today, we understand that PCOS is really a complex hormonal and metabolic condition that affects far more than reproductive health.

At its core, PCOS is about hormonal imbalance. When key hormones like insulin, androgens (like testosterone), and others are out of sync, they can create a domino effect throughout the body. This hormonal miscommunication can lead to irregular periods, acne, weight changes, hair loss or excess hair growth, difficulty with ovulation or fertility—and that’s just the shortlist. But here’s the thing: PCOS doesn’t follow a single pattern. Some women experience textbook symptoms. Others don’t fit the mold at all. That’s part of what makes PCOS so challenging—and why understanding your unique experience matters.

So, how can the PCOS Association help?

We’re here to offer more than definitions. We’re here to offer direction. Whether you’re newly diagnosed, still searching for answers, or years into your journey and feeling stuck, we’re committed to helping you make sense of PCOS—and make progress.

Here’s what you’ll find at PCOSA:

  • Reliable, science-backed information about what PCOS is (and isn’t)

  • 💬 Supportive communities of people who understand exactly what you’re going through

  • 🧬 Resources for navigating fertility, metabolic health, nutrition, and more

  • 🧠 Education for providers who want to better support their PCOS patients

  • 🙋‍♀️ Advocacy to make sure PCOS is recognized, researched, and respected

No fluff. No fad cures. Just real support, grounded in evidence and compassion.

At PCOSA, we believe every person with PCOS deserves to be informed, empowered, and heard. Wherever you are in your journey, we’re honored to walk with you.

pcos

pcos: Latest results from PubMed

Characteristic Gut Microbiota in PCOS-IR Patients and Its Association with Endocrine Features

CONCLUSION: Our findings show that gut microbiota disturbance leads to endocrine and metabolic features resembling PCOS-IR. The gut microbiota, particularly Fusobacterium, could serve as a clinical marker and potential therapeutic target for people with PCOS-IR. This study provides mechanistic insights into how gut microbiota contributes to PCOS-IR pathogenesis.

Published on: Wed, 07 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Wenyi Liang, Yanning Yao, Xinyang Ren, Anran Xue, Mengcheng Cai, Jin Yu, Chaoqin Yu, Ling Zhou, DongXia Zhai,

Effect of Myo-Inositol Treatment on Serum Asprosin Levels of Pregnant Women: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Pilot Study

CONCLUSIONS: Asprosin may be modulated by myo-inositol. This opens the possibility of considering this adipokine as a useful marker of insulin resistance to assess in pregnant women and to efficaciously target in clinical practice. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05943158.

Published on: Wed, 07 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Ali Cenk Özay, Özlen Emekçi Özay, Oğuz Han Edebal, Yusuf Özay, Mario Montanino Oliva, Simona Dinicola, Vittorio Unfer,

CL22209, a standardized Asparagus racemosus root extract, demonstrates improved ovarian morphology, menstrual regularity, and metabolic parameters in women with polycystic ovary syndrome in a randomized, controlled trial

CONCLUSION: CL22209 was well-tolerated and demonstrated broad-spectrum efficacy in women diagnosed with PCOS, improving ovarian morphology, metabolic health, and androgen-mediated symptoms. Future studies with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up durations would help to further validate these findings and clarify CL22209's role in the management of PCOS.

Published on: Wed, 07 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Sridevi Kondamudi, Sravanthi Sadu, Sujatha Deva, Aishwarya Yalamanchi, Amulya Yalamanchi,

Efficacy of sequential letrozole and gonadotropin therapy for ovulation induction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis

CONCLUSION: The treatment group saw a significant rise in ovulation rates and endometrial thickness. Sequential letrozole and gonadotropin therapy (LE + G) may hold clinical significance, but further large-scale, high-quality studies are necessary to establish conclusive evidence.

Published on: Wed, 07 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Waseem Sajjad, Muhammad Nabeel Saddique, Fatima Shahid, Anam Ijaz, Muhammad Atif Bashir, Muhammad Safiullah, Ursula Abu Nahla, Mohammad Rayyan Naseer, Malik Saad Hayat, Muhammad Hassan Zaman, Muhammad Usman, Basir Afzaal Gill,

Key mitochondria-related genes and molecular mechanisms shared between polycystic ovary syndrome and atherosclerosis: A bioinformatics and machine learning study

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and atherosclerosis (AS) are interrelated, with studies emphasizing the crucial role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of both diseases. Therefore, this study utilized bioinformatics analysis to identify key mitochondria-related genes (MitoRGs) and shared mechanisms underlying PCOS and AS. PCOS, AS, and MitoRGs data were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus and MitoCarta3.0 databases. The "SVA" and "Limma" packages in R were used to eliminate...

Published on: Wed, 07 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Li Tang, Weifang Long, Qing Chen, Juan Chen, Yuqiang Zhang, Zhigang Nie, Weiqing Li,

A meta-analysis of the effects of vitamin D supplementation on endocrine metabolic and inflammatory markers in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome

CONCLUSION: Current evidence indicates that vitamin D supplementation significantly reduced the HOMA-IR, hs-CRP, FBI, and TT in PCOS patients. However, fasting blood glucose (FPG), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), free androgen index (FAI), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were unaffected.

Published on: Wed, 07 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Baohua Wu, Jun Yao,

sc-eQTL unveil immunogenetic architecture of polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder characterized by metabolic, inflammatory, and reproductive dysfunction. We integrated genome-wide association study (GWAS) data, and single-cell expression quantitative trait loci (sc-eQTL) across various immune cells to elucidate the genetic and immune mechanisms underlying PCOS at the cellular level. Finally, we identified 19 risk loci for PCOS, prioritizing 16 candidate causal genes, approximately 30% of these genes are...

Published on: Tue, 06 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Xiaoqian Xu, Yuzhou Bao, Qi Zhang, Lixia Wang, Hao Wang,

Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular risk-related metabolic markers in diverse populations: a meta-analysis of randomized trials

CONCLUSIONS: The meta-analysis indicates that n-3 PUFAs improve cardiovascular-related metabolic markers, potentially benefit cardiovascular health in patients with cardiovascular disease, PCOS, and kidney disease, especially in older women via reducing TG and HbA1c and increasing HDL and adiponectin.

Published on: Tue, 06 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Chen Chen, Xuan Li, Hongli Yan, Junyan Liu, Yuhang Cao, Hongjiao Zhao, Shixin Liu, Yilin Wang, Yifei Sun, Beili Jia, Junhua Yuan,

Ketone monoester ingestion improves endothelial function during hyperglycemia in females with polycystic ovary syndrome

Postprandial hyperglycemia transiently impairs endothelial function. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with endothelial dysfunction and impaired glucose tolerance - both risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases - but the effects of hyperglycemia on endothelial function have yet to be assessed in PCOS. Exogenous ketone monoester (KME) supplementation lowers blood glucose and improves endothelial function in individuals predisposed to cardiometabolic diseases but has yet to be...

Published on: Tue, 06 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Danielle E Berbrier, Will Huckins, Shannon I Delage, Emily K Van Berkel, Sarkis J Hannaian, Raychel Myara, Oluwakanyisola N Okafor, Ta Heh Chung, Togas Tulandi, Shauna L Reinblatt, Rachel N Lord, Tyler A Churchward-Venne, Charlotte W Usselman,

Association between body image satisfaction and depressive symptoms among young women in the UAE with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and Non-PCOS: A comparative quantitative cross-sectional study

CONCLUSION: These findings highlight the psychological impact of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome on young women in the UAE, emphasizing the need for targeted mental health interventions and increased awareness.

Published on: Tue, 06 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Shaima Abdrahman AlMekhlafi, Maria Susana Campo-Redondo,

Androgen actions in metabolic tissues in polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common reproductive disorder characterised by irregular ovulation, cyst-like follicles on the ovaries, and hyperandrogenism. PCOS is also strongly associated with increased risk of obesity and metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Hyperandrogenism independently associates with many of the metabolic symptoms observed in women with PCOS, and increased androgen signaling in the female...

Published on: Tue, 06 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Caitlin L MacRae, Rebecca E Campbell,

Increased Asialoglycoprotein Receptor 1 Level in Granulosa Cell as a Potential Biomarker for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

The study investigated whether asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 (Asgr1) can serve as a biomarker for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). It is known that Asgr1 loss-of-function variants are associated with lower cholesterol levels and reduced cardiovascular disease risk, but its role as a PCOS biomarker was unclear. In this clinical translational study involving 60 women undergoing IVF at the Assisted Reproductive Center of Northwest Women's and Children's Hospital in Xi'an, China (including controls...

Published on: Tue, 06 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Xitong Liu, Rongxia Xie, Yang Cai, Hui Lan, Jing Mu, Chen Zhang, Bo Li,

Mathematically Driven Identification and Generalizable Optimization of Smoothing Parameters for Speckle Noise Reduction in Ultrasound Imaging

Speckle noise, being multiplicative, degrades the quality of ultrasound images, making it very challenging to achieve successful diagnoses, particularly of PCOS, where ovarian cyst detection is crucial. Its nature, usually characterized by the Gamma distribution, makes it difficult to remove the noise without inducing distortion in the signal, resulting in loss of information and decreased diagnostic specificity. There is an inherent trade-off between the extent of noise suppression and the...

Published on: Tue, 06 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Dinesh Bafila, Amit Verma, Bhupendra Singh,

Distinguishing Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Phenotype D from Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea with Polycystic Ovarian Morphology: Clinical and Hormonal Insights from a Pilot Retrospective Study

CONCLUSION: LH/FSH ratio, supported by BMI and clinical history, may help distinguish PCOS-D from FHA-PCOM. FHA-PCOM represents a distinct but understudied subgroup. These results are preliminary and require validation through larger prospective studies.

Published on: Tue, 06 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Eun Hee Yu, Hyun Joo Lee, Jong Kil Joo,

Activation and DNA methylation of PANoptosis in polycystic ovary syndrome

CONCLUSION: Through comprehensive analysis of gene expression and DNA methylation data, this study revealed the correlation between PCOS and PANoptosis, providing new insights into the molecular basis of PCOS and offering potential biomarkers for the development of future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Published on: Tue, 06 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Yaguang Han, Yanhua Han, Yuenan Feng, Yuanli Shan, Chang Liu, Kexin Wang, Xiaoke Li, Shidi Zhang, Xiaolin Zhu,