What is PCOS?

What is PCOS?

Despite what the name suggests, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome isn’t just about ovaries—or cysts, for that matter. In fact, many people diagnosed with PCOS don’t have any ovarian cysts at all. Confusing? You’re not alone. The name dates back to how the condition was first described, but science has come a long way since then. Today, we understand that PCOS is really a complex hormonal and metabolic condition that affects far more than reproductive health.

At its core, PCOS is about hormonal imbalance. When key hormones like insulin, androgens (like testosterone), and others are out of sync, they can create a domino effect throughout the body. This hormonal miscommunication can lead to irregular periods, acne, weight changes, hair loss or excess hair growth, difficulty with ovulation or fertility—and that’s just the shortlist. But here’s the thing: PCOS doesn’t follow a single pattern. Some women experience textbook symptoms. Others don’t fit the mold at all. That’s part of what makes PCOS so challenging—and why understanding your unique experience matters.

So, how can the PCOS Association help?

We’re here to offer more than definitions. We’re here to offer direction. Whether you’re newly diagnosed, still searching for answers, or years into your journey and feeling stuck, we’re committed to helping you make sense of PCOS—and make progress.

Here’s what you’ll find at PCOSA:

  • Reliable, science-backed information about what PCOS is (and isn’t)

  • 💬 Supportive communities of people who understand exactly what you’re going through

  • 🧬 Resources for navigating fertility, metabolic health, nutrition, and more

  • 🧠 Education for providers who want to better support their PCOS patients

  • 🙋‍♀️ Advocacy to make sure PCOS is recognized, researched, and respected

No fluff. No fad cures. Just real support, grounded in evidence and compassion.

At PCOSA, we believe every person with PCOS deserves to be informed, empowered, and heard. Wherever you are in your journey, we’re honored to walk with you.

pcos

pcos: Latest results from PubMed

Intermittent Fasting as a Nonpharmacologic Strategy to Manage Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a metabolic disorder that affects 6% to 21% of women of reproductive age. It is characterized by hyperandrogenism, ano/oligo-ovulation, and ovarian cysts. Insulin resistance is a common finding among women with PCOS. To effectively manage PCOS, efforts must be focused on improving insulin resistance, as it has been noted to play a major role in a multitude of life-altering and life-threatening conditions. Intermittent fasting (IF) is a dietary intervention...

Published on: Fri, 30 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Megan Devins,

Impact of smoking or second-hand smoke exposure on metabolic and hormonal levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis

CONCLUSION: Smoking or SHS exposure was significantly associated with metabolic and hormonal profiles in women with PCOS. Despite observational limitations and absent e-cigarette data, the evidence supports advising PCOS patients to avoid smoking and SHS exposure.

Published on: Fri, 30 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Ruyu Yan, Dengxin He, Wenru Xu, Fen Yang, Xinhong Zhu, Lin Li,

Diagnosis and treatment of PCOS in adolescents: a summary of guidelines and systematic reviews for practitioners

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) presents unique diagnostic and management challenges in adolescents due to physiologic overlap with normal puberty. This review synthesizes current adolescent-specific guidelines to identify evidence-based diagnostic criteria for adolescent PCOS, to apply first- and second-line management strategies, and to recognize key areas of controversy and unmet need. We emphasize menstrual irregularities and hyperandrogenism as key diagnostic criteria, while noting the...

Published on: Fri, 30 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Tania Dumont, Magdelena Peeva, Marwa El Masri,

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): current insights, emerging therapeutics, and future treatment strategies

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common gynaecological disorder, clinically characterized by chronic anovulation and hyperandrogenism. Despite its high prevalence, no curative treatment exists, and managing the syndrome remains challenging. A strong association between PCOS and metabolic syndrome, particularly insulin resistance, adversely influences fertility, leading to an increased worldwide demand for advanced treatment options. Although the exact aetiology and pathophysiology of the...

Published on: Fri, 30 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Mitali Panchpuri, Anglina Kisku, Ritu Painuli, Gaurav Pant, Chetan Kumar,

Integrated gene expression analysis identifies shared inflammatory and metabolic pathways in polycystic ovarian syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthritis

CONCLUSION: The identified common pathways signify the overlap between PCOS, RA, and OA. These findings support the hypothesis of systemic immunometabolic involvement in PCOS.

Published on: Fri, 30 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Sri Chandana Mavulati, Sujatha Dodoala,

Total Testosterone Measured by Liquid Chromatograph-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Refines Diagnosis of Biochemical Hyperandrogenism and Better Identifies Subgroup at Genuine Risk of Adverse Fertility Outcomes in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

CONCLUSION: Our findings indicated that LC-MS/MS refined the diagnosis of biochemical hyperandrogenism and better identified the subgroup at genuine risk of adverse fertility outcomes in infertile women with PCOS.

Published on: Fri, 30 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Jian Li, Qi Wu, Jing Cong, Hui Chang, Hong-Li Ma, Duo-Jia Zhang, Yu Wang, Rui-Zhe Zhang, Richard K T Kam, Chung Shun Ho, Michael Ho Ming Chan, Ronald Ching Wan Ma, Ernest Hung Yu Ng, Ben Willem J Mol, Elisabet Stener-Victorin, Richard S Legro, Chi Chiu Wang, Xiao-Ke Wu, PCOSAct Study Group,

Prediction of cardiovascular disease risk in women and individuals with polycystic ovary syndrome using the American Heart Association PREVENT model: A long-term population-based cohort study

CONCLUSIONS: In this long-term, population-based cohort of Iranian women, the PREVENT risk model showed good discrimination and acceptable calibration for predicting 10-year CVD risk in both the general population and women with PCOS/Isolated-PCOS phenotypes. Performance was highest in women under 55 years, with some underestimation of risk in older or high-risk individuals.

Published on: Fri, 30 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Parham Heidari, Ramin Farrokhi, Faegheh Firouzi, Yasamin Zivari, Fereidoun Azizi, Fahimeh Ramezani Tehrani, Samira Behboudi-Gandevani,

Perinatal hyperandrogenization and immune activation in rodents model subtypes of autism

Although increased maternal androgens, such as those in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), are associated with a higher incidence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in offspring, a causal link has yet to be established. We assessed whether perinatal hyperandrogenization in a murine model recapitulates core ASD traits and compared this model to the maternal immune activation (MIA) model of ASD. Both models produced ASD-like phenotypes, yet they exhibited distinct behavioral subtypes and...

Published on: Thu, 29 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Francine F Burke, Alison M Randell, Kerri M Sparkes, Stephanie Salia, Meagan Hinks, Yellow Martin, Zachary Porter, Claire Hynes, Alexandre S Maekawa, John Sled, David R Wilson, Deepak K Kaushik, Pavan K Kakumani, Susan G Walling, Lindsay S Cahill, Ashlyn Swift-Gallant,

Galangin mitigates letrozole-induced polycystic ovary syndrome in rats by restoring PI3K/pAKT/PTEN signaling

CONCLUSION: Galangin provides multidimensional protection against letrozole-induced ovarian dysfunction by alleviating oxidative stress, inflammation, and dysregulation of the PI3K/pAKT/PTEN pathway. These findings support the potential of galangin as a safe, multitarget natural adjunct for managing PCOS.

Published on: Thu, 29 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Lenah S Binmahfouz, Amina M Bagher, Najlaa S Binmahfouz, Ashraf B Abdel-Naim, Rasheed A Shaik, Ahad A Bangitah, Salma H Karkashan, Sarah A Alsaggaf, Shimaa A Shukr, Khadijah B Alkinani, Basma G Eid,

Epigenetic Mechanisms of Reproductive Dysfunction Induced by Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: Evidence From Molecular Studies

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), including bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates, organochlorine pesticides, and heavy metal ions, pose serious threats to reproductive health by interfering with hormonal balance and molecular signaling pathways. Recent research had expanded our understanding of these compounds has beyond their traditional role in hormone receptor interference. EDCs can trigger lasting epigenetic changes, including abnormal DNA methylation, histone modifications, RNA methylation,...

Published on: Thu, 29 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Seonhwa Hwang, Hyun Bon Kang, Dae Hyun Kim, Min Hi Park,

Cardiovascular Dysfunction in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Mitochondrial and Inflammatory Mechanisms

CONCLUSION: Mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation are interdependent mechanisms that contribute substantially to cardiovascular risk in women with PCOS. Targeting mitochondrial dysfunction and systemic inflammation presents a promising therapeutic strategy for reducing cardiovascular morbidity in PCOS. Future research should emphasize phenotype-specific interventions, biomarker discovery, and translational trials to improve long-term reproductive and cardiovascular outcomes.

Published on: Thu, 29 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Olabimpe Caroline Badejogbin, Mary Olaoluwa Agunloye, Ojichukwuka Ebere Chijioke-Agu, Makinde Vincent Olubiyi, Success Oluwanifesimi Olugbuyiro, Olaniyi Azeez Soetan, Opeyemi Abel Bamgbose, Tobi Opeyemi Olaleye,

Pain in polycystic ovary syndrome: a comprehensive bedside to bench perspective on an underrecognized symptom

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder, with a reported worldwide prevalence of 5%-20% in women of reproductive age. It is defined primarily by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovarian morphology. In addition to the reproductive and metabolic features of PCOS, patients often experience chronic pain, which is the most frequently reported symptom. Pain in the pelvic area, dysmenorrhea, bloating, and abdominal cramping are all common in PCOS patients....

Published on: Thu, 29 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Lida Khodavirdilou, Jenny L Wilkerson,

Effects of combined oral contraceptives and metformin on paraoxonase 1 lactonase activity and status in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome and insulin resistance

CONCLUSION: Treatment with COCs and metformin enhanced the antioxidant capacity of circulating HDL and improved BMI, glycolipid metabolism, IR, and hyperandrogenism in patients with PCOS and IR.

Published on: Thu, 29 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Jiagui Liang, Qiuyi Wang, Dong Liu, Lukanxuan Wu, Xinyu Qiao, Ruiying Wang, Yuchan Zhong, Wenjie Bo, Huiqiao Lai, Ping Fan, Wei Huang,

Biomarkers for effective prognosis of polycystic ovary syndrome: a full review

INTRODUCTION: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complicated endocrine condition marked by reproductive, metabolic and chronobiological perturbations. Despite a number of biomarkers that can be used in its diagnosis, they only show the existence of the syndrome and not much information about prognosis. This prognostic blindness complicates disease management and contributes to increased healthcare and economic burden.

Published on: Thu, 29 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Ishanka Singh, Anuja Pant, Pawan Kumar Maurya,

Metabolic effects of testosterone therapy in transgender and gender diverse individuals with polycystic ovary syndrome

CONCLUSION: . Greater baseline cardiometabolic risk was largely BMI-related in TGD with PCOS compared to TGD without PCOS. Only hyperlipidemia and elevated ALT were more prevalent during TT after adjusting for BMI. These findings support cardiometabolic monitoring during TT in all TGD individuals without significant increased risk with PCOS history.

Published on: Thu, 29 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Justine Herndon, J Anderson McNeil, Salym Winter, Alice Y Chang,