What is PCOS?

What is PCOS?

Despite what the name suggests, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome isn’t just about ovaries—or cysts, for that matter. In fact, many people diagnosed with PCOS don’t have any ovarian cysts at all. Confusing? You’re not alone. The name dates back to how the condition was first described, but science has come a long way since then. Today, we understand that PCOS is really a complex hormonal and metabolic condition that affects far more than reproductive health.

At its core, PCOS is about hormonal imbalance. When key hormones like insulin, androgens (like testosterone), and others are out of sync, they can create a domino effect throughout the body. This hormonal miscommunication can lead to irregular periods, acne, weight changes, hair loss or excess hair growth, difficulty with ovulation or fertility—and that’s just the shortlist. But here’s the thing: PCOS doesn’t follow a single pattern. Some women experience textbook symptoms. Others don’t fit the mold at all. That’s part of what makes PCOS so challenging—and why understanding your unique experience matters.

So, how can the PCOS Association help?

We’re here to offer more than definitions. We’re here to offer direction. Whether you’re newly diagnosed, still searching for answers, or years into your journey and feeling stuck, we’re committed to helping you make sense of PCOS—and make progress.

Here’s what you’ll find at PCOSA:

  • Reliable, science-backed information about what PCOS is (and isn’t)

  • 💬 Supportive communities of people who understand exactly what you’re going through

  • 🧬 Resources for navigating fertility, metabolic health, nutrition, and more

  • 🧠 Education for providers who want to better support their PCOS patients

  • 🙋‍♀️ Advocacy to make sure PCOS is recognized, researched, and respected

No fluff. No fad cures. Just real support, grounded in evidence and compassion.

At PCOSA, we believe every person with PCOS deserves to be informed, empowered, and heard. Wherever you are in your journey, we’re honored to walk with you.

pcos

pcos: Latest results from PubMed

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects relative embryo morphokinetics observed by time-lapse imaging: an observational study

CONCLUSION: Whilst absolute times remained unaffected, relative morphokinetic intervals and ratios, potentially indicating poorer cleavage synchronicity, were altered in PCOS embryos. This is the first study examining the influence of PCOS on relative morphokinetic ratios.

Published on: Sun, 08 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Vera Monika Garçon, Jens Erik Dietrich, Thomas Strowitzki, Alexander Freis,

PCOSFusionNet: Hybrid Deep Feature Fusion Network for PCOS Classification from Ultrasound Images of Ovaries

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a leading cause of female infertility and is associated with various health complications, including preterm abortions, anovulation, and ovarian cancer. It affects approximately 5% to 10% of women in their reproductive years. PCOS diagnosis often relies on ultrasound imaging to assess ovarian follicle size, count and arrangement. Accurately diagnosing PCOS in clinical practice poses significant challenges for radiologists due to the variability in follicle...

Published on: Sun, 08 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Debasmita Saha, Ardhendu Mandal, Saroj Kumar Biswas, Biplab Das, Arijit Bhattacharya, Akhil Kumar Das,

Metabolomic insights into potential early neurodevelopment in offspring of women with polycystic ovary syndrome: Maternal and fetal serum metabolomics based on a prospective birth cohort study

CONCLUSION: This study identifies a potential link between maternal metabolic disturbances in PCOS and neurodevelopmental abnormalities in offspring through metabolomic analysis. Significant metabolites related to unsaturated fatty acids, pyrimidine, and histidine metabolism were found, with pathways enriched in neurodevelopmental disorders, particularly involving the RORA.

Published on: Sat, 07 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Qi Cao, Huili Zhu, Rong Zhou, Wei Huang,

Response of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons from female mice to dynamic-clamp-simulated GABAergic conductances across development and after prenatal androgenization

Disrupted gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion patterns can impair fertility as in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).We used prenatally androgenized (PNA) female mice, which recapitulate neuroendocrine abnormalities observed in PCOS patients, to study how changes in GnRH neuron intrinsic properties during development (prepubertal 3-week-old versus adult females) and with PNA treatment shape their postsynaptic response to GABAergic input. The properties of isolated GABAergic...

Published on: Sat, 07 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Jennifer Jaime, R Anthony DeFazio, Suzanne M Moenter,

The efficacy and safety of Cangfu Daotan decoction in the treatment of infertility associated with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis

CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis provides preliminary evidence supporting the use of CFDTT as an adjunctive therapy for infertility associated with PCOS, suggesting potential synergistic effects when combined with conventional pharmacotherapy. While the efficacy of CFDTT monotherapy appears comparable to that of conventional pharmacotherapy, the available evidence remains highly limited. However, the included studies exhibit substantial methodological shortcomings, including a high risk of bias,...

Published on: Sat, 07 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Qingling Xie, Yi Wang, Yumei Tang, Jili Xu, Lijie Yang, Jie Wu,

ANGPTL4 induces granulosa cells proliferation dysfunction in PCOS by regulating the immune microenvironment and WNT signaling pathway

No abstract

Published on: Sat, 07 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Jiale Lv, Ningzhen Zhang, Xiaoping Yang, Shan Han, Zhi Li, Yanqiu Xie, Yuhua Shi,

Menstrual Dysfunction Is Associated With Elevated Liver Enzymes in Adolescent Females: A United States Population-Based Study

PURPOSE: Polycystic ovary syndrome and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) both emerge during adolescence; however, it remains unknown whether menstrual abnormalities and hyperandrogenism signals increased hepatic risk.

Published on: Fri, 06 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Sheila L Noon, Lauren F Chun, Gillian Mackay, Jeffrey B Schwimmer,

Serum uric acid levels in patients with different phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome

Background & objectives Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrinopathy in reproductive-aged women, frequently associated with insulin resistance, obesity, and increased cardiovascular risk. Serum uric acid, linked to oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction, may contribute to the cardiometabolic complications of PCOS. Although hyperuricemia is common in PCOS, differences in serum uric acid among phenotypes remain unclear. This study compared serum uric acid across PCOS...

Published on: Fri, 06 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Canan Akkus, Oznur Oner, Atilla Okan Kilic, Merve Ucar Toros, Cevdet Duran,

Association of polycystic ovarian syndrome with inflammatory single nucleotide polymorphism for IL-1 & IL-6 genes: A case-control study

Background & objectives Persistent mild inflammation is considered as a main contributor to the altered genesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), with numerous studies reporting elevated serum levels of inflammatory markers. This inflammatory state may be attributed to genetic variants, particularly single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), that alter cytokine regulation. This study investigated the association of PCOS and inflammatory SNPs including interleukin (IL) such as IL-1β rs1143634,...

Published on: Fri, 06 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Jiby Jolly Benjamin, Padmavathi Ramaswamy, Mahesh Kumar Kuppusamy, Radha Vembu, Karthikeyan Rajamani, Naveen Puttaswamy, Maruthy Kalburgi Narayanasa, Rahul Rajan Mathews, Teena Koshy,

Gut microbiota and metabolic dysregulation in polycystic ovary syndrome: effects of acupuncture as an adjunct to in vitro fertilization on gut dysbiosis, metabolism, and oocyte quality

CONCLUSION: PCOS is associated with systemic multi-pathway metabolic dysregulation and gut microbiota dysbiosis. It described the potential therapeutic benefits of acupuncture combined with IVF for PCOS, laying a foundation for further understanding the disease and the mechanisms of acupuncture for PCOS metabolic disorders, and providing directions for future research.

Published on: Fri, 06 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Jia-Jia Liu, Han Yang, Zhi-Yong Xiao, Jie-Hui Xie, Lan Su, Yi-Ting Li, Xiao-Yan Zheng, Wen-Hui Hu, Si-Jia Fu, Chao-Liang Li, Lei Huang, Si-Yi Yu, Zheng Yu, Sha Yang, Jie Yang,

Acupuncture improves anxiety and depression in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic evaluation and meta-analysis

CONCLUSION: Acupuncture, particularly manual and short-term protocols, is a safe and effective adjunct for reducing anxiety and depression in PCOS. These benefits may be mediated via modulation of androgen levels, adiposity, and neuroendocrine pathways. Nevertheless, conclusions are limited by sample size, methodological heterogeneity, and inadequate adverse event reporting. Higher-quality RCTs are needed to confirm the safety and efficacy of these methods.

Published on: Fri, 06 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Rongzhen Ye, Yujia Sun, Han Yang, Jia Peng, Qingyun Tian, Songheng He, Siran Yao, Yefang Liu, Yu Liu, Jiao Chen,

A Case of Estrogen Dermatitis Successfully Treated With Spironolactone

Estrogen dermatitis is a rare dermatologic condition characterized by a rash that worsens during periods of rising estrogen and improves when estrogen levels fall during menstruation. Because of variability in morphology and histopathology, it may mimic and/or overlap with other inflammatory skin disorders. Here, we describe a case of suspected estrogen dermatitis associated with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), hidradenitis suppurativa, and acne. The patient noted symptom improvement during...

Published on: Fri, 06 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Tulika Singhal, Hailey Olds, Aunna Pourang, Geoffrey A Potts,

Thyrotoxicosis and Moyamoya Syndrome: A Fatal Intersection of Rare Disorders in a Young Patient With a Background of Hypothyroidism

Thyroid storm, also known as thyrotoxic crisis, is an uncommon and potentially life-threatening condition that can cause metabolic, cardiovascular and neurological complications. Thyrotoxic crisis often develops in the context of untreated or poorly controlled hyperthyroidism and is typically precipitated by acute stressors such as infection, surgery, or trauma. While the progression from hypothyroidism to hyperthyroidism is itself an uncommon clinical occurrence, the emergence of thyroid storm...

Published on: Fri, 06 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Hussein Abu Rabia,

Orosomucoid 2 improves reproductive phenotypes in a mouse model of PCOS induced by letrozole under high-fat diet conditions

PCOS is the most common reproductive endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age. It is characterized by excess androgens, anovulation, and polycystic ovarian morphology, and is often accompanied by obesity, insulin resistance and glucose metabolism abnormalities. Although PCOS is a complex disease with diverse and uncertain etiologies, metabolic dysfunction and adipose tissue abnormalities are critical components in its pathology. Previous studies have demonstrated that letrozole...

Published on: Fri, 06 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Qiuyu Xu, Shuwen Qiu, Li Wang, Yali Liu, Yan Lu, Ling Wu, Jie Zhang,

The interactions between autophagy and immune in the liver-adipose-ovary circuit of polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common reproductive, endocrine, and metabolic disorder in women of reproductive age, characterized by hyperandrogenemia, insulin resistance, and ovulatory dysfunction. Autophagy, a key cellular homeostasis mechanism, closely interacts with immune-inflammatory responses to drive PCOS pathogenesis. This review highlights the "liver-adipose-ovary circuit"-a pathological network where the liver, adipose tissue, and ovaries crosstalk via autophagy dysregulation,...

Published on: Thu, 05 Feb 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Guofeng Nie, Muxuan Liu, Luxu Yang, Chanyu Li, Chenzhao Qu, Jing Wang, Juanjuan Mei, Yanlin Wang, Lei Han, Xinwei Zhang, Quanmin Wang,