What is PCOS?

What is PCOS?

Despite what the name suggests, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome isn’t just about ovaries—or cysts, for that matter. In fact, many people diagnosed with PCOS don’t have any ovarian cysts at all. Confusing? You’re not alone. The name dates back to how the condition was first described, but science has come a long way since then. Today, we understand that PCOS is really a complex hormonal and metabolic condition that affects far more than reproductive health.

At its core, PCOS is about hormonal imbalance. When key hormones like insulin, androgens (like testosterone), and others are out of sync, they can create a domino effect throughout the body. This hormonal miscommunication can lead to irregular periods, acne, weight changes, hair loss or excess hair growth, difficulty with ovulation or fertility—and that’s just the shortlist. But here’s the thing: PCOS doesn’t follow a single pattern. Some women experience textbook symptoms. Others don’t fit the mold at all. That’s part of what makes PCOS so challenging—and why understanding your unique experience matters.

So, how can the PCOS Association help?

We’re here to offer more than definitions. We’re here to offer direction. Whether you’re newly diagnosed, still searching for answers, or years into your journey and feeling stuck, we’re committed to helping you make sense of PCOS—and make progress.

Here’s what you’ll find at PCOSA:

  • Reliable, science-backed information about what PCOS is (and isn’t)

  • 💬 Supportive communities of people who understand exactly what you’re going through

  • 🧬 Resources for navigating fertility, metabolic health, nutrition, and more

  • 🧠 Education for providers who want to better support their PCOS patients

  • 🙋‍♀️ Advocacy to make sure PCOS is recognized, researched, and respected

No fluff. No fad cures. Just real support, grounded in evidence and compassion.

At PCOSA, we believe every person with PCOS deserves to be informed, empowered, and heard. Wherever you are in your journey, we’re honored to walk with you.

pcos

pcos: Latest results from PubMed

Effect of metformin on free testosterone level in male diabetic patients: A comparative study

When we consider the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), one of our treatment options is metformin, which reduces free testosterone levels in PCOS patients. We were interested to know what happens to the free testosterone levels of male type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients when we use metformin. The effect of metformin on testosterone level, fertility, and sexual activity in males has been issues of interest to researchers. This study was conducted to observe the effect of...

Published on: Sat, 08 Nov 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Md Aminul Islam, Md Azizul Haque, Abdul Mumit Sarkar, Md Siddiqur Rahman, Al Muksit Mohammad Taufiqur Rahman, Shamrose Begum,

Association between plasma extracellular vesicles LncRNAs and metabolic syndrome in polycystic ovary syndrome

CONCLUSION: The low expressions of Xist, MALAT1, and NEAT1 were associated with the high risk of MetS in PCOS patients, with MALAT1 potentially serving as a preferred molecular marker for discriminative MetS in PCOS.

Published on: Fri, 07 Nov 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Yan-Zhen Wu, Lei-Lei Mao,

Mentha spicata and Its Bioactive Compound Carvone Ameliorate Metabolic Disturbance and Ovarian Dysfunction in Experimental Rat Model of PCOS by Suppression of SREBP1/TLR4-Dependent Pathway

CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that M. spicata and carvone ameliorate metabolic disturbance and ovarian dysfunction in PCOS by suppressing SREBP1/TLR4 expression.

Published on: Fri, 07 Nov 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Comfort A Oladele, Stephanie E Areloegbe, Chidubem F Emereonye, Kehinde S Olaniyi,

EGOI-PCOS survey on the prevalence of respiratory disorders associated with polycystic ovary syndrome

CONCLUSIONS: While several authors have linked respiratory issues and menstrual disturbances, there are no available surveys that investigate the frequency of CRDs in PCOS patients. Despite their qualitative nature, our results sustain previous indications on a possible link between CRDs and PCOS. In future, appropriate studies may elucidate possible etiological mechanisms joining respiratory health to PCOS.

Published on: Fri, 07 Nov 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Mario Montanino Oliva, Maurizio Nordio, Orietta Picconi, Giuseppina Porcaro,

Relationship of Body Mass Index and Dietary Inflammatory Index With Free Androgen Index and Insulin Resistance in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

CONCLUSION: Adiposity (measured by BMI)-not dietary inflammation-was independently associated with key PCOS manifestations, demonstrating significant positive relationships with hyperandrogenism markers (FAI, testosterone), insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and clinical hirsutism. A normal BMI was correlated with clinically meaningful reductions in metabolic-androgen parameters compared to obesity. Thus, weight loss and a generally healthy diet may need to be combined to impact PCOS features...

Published on: Fri, 07 Nov 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Niloufar Ghanbarzadeh, Khadije Hajizadeh, Azizeh Farshbaf-Khalili, Mahdi Mahdipour, Mahnaz Shahnazi,

Predictive Accuracy of First-Trimester Biochemical and Clinical Markers in the Early Identification of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Prospective Observational Study

Background Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common metabolic complication of pregnancy associated with significant maternal and fetal morbidity. Early identification of women at risk is essential to improve outcomes. This study evaluated the predictive accuracy of first-trimester biochemical and clinical markers for the early detection of GDM in a South Indian population. Methods A prospective observational study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in South India over eight months....

Published on: Fri, 07 Nov 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Prithika B, Revathy T G, Jahnavi Chandrasekar,

Asian women with PCOS have enhanced ovarian reserve and ART outcomes, even at an advanced maternal age: a model for reproductive longevity?

STUDY QUESTION: Does polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) represent a human model for reproductive longevity?

Published on: Fri, 07 Nov 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Qian Yang, Paula Benny, Jovin Jie Ning Lee, Devi Natalie Nadjaja, Shaili P Sashidharan, Eu-Leong Yong, Mahesh Choolani, Stephen Chew, Ling-Jun Li, Peng Cheang Wong, Zhongwei Huang,

Factors influencing the rate of anti-Müllerian hormone decline: a retrospective study of 4245 infertile women

CONCLUSIONS: In infertile women, treatment for more than three ovarian stimulation cycles in assisted reproductive technology, tubal lesions and advanced age were factors associated with an accelerated rate of AMH decline, whereas PCOS was associated with a reduced rate of AMH decline. Medical intervention targeting these influencing factors may mitigate the rate of ovarian reserve loss and delay ovarian aging. The results specifically highlight the need for caution regarding the potential...

Published on: Thu, 06 Nov 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Shuxin Ma, Xuan Gao, Mengchun Hu, Nan Xie, Runxin Yao, Yaxuan Zhang, Junhao Yan, Yingying Qin, Peihao Liu,

The effect of environmental stressors on anti-mullerian hormone levels in Lebanese women: a retrospective study

CONCLUSION: Women with pre-existing reproductive health disorders, such as PCOS and infertility, are more vulnerable to stress and are more likely to experience a decline in AMH level and, by extension, ovarian reserve following stressful experiences.

Published on: Thu, 06 Nov 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Sima Fatima Sharafeddin, Zeina Chehade, Samya El Sayed, Dima Salloum, Lara Nahouli, Antoine Hannoun, Ghina Ghazeeri,

Central SELENOT deficiency impairs gonadotrope axis function, sexual behavior and fertility in male and female mice

Reproductive disorders can result from a defective action of the neuropeptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), the master regulator of reproduction. We have previously shown that SELENOT, a newly-described thioredoxin-like selenoprotein highly expressed in endocrine and neuroendocrine cells, plays a role in hormone secretion and neuroprotection. However, whether SELENOT is involved in neuro-endocrine regulations in vivo is totally unknown. We found that SELENOT deficiency in the brain...

Published on: Thu, 06 Nov 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Ben Yamine Mallouki, Loubna Boukhzar, Ludovic Dumont, Azénor Abgrall, Marjorie Gras, Agathe Prieur, David Alexandre, David Godefroy, Yves Tillet, Luca Grumolato, Nathalie Rives, Fatiha Chigr, Youssef Anouar,

Obesity results in lower integrin expression in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome during the window of implantation

CONCLUSION: αvβ3 integrin plays an important role in the development of the window of implantation in obese PCOS individuals. Further research is needed to confirm these results and to identify the potential mechanisms underlying this association.

Published on: Thu, 06 Nov 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Fazilah Abdul Hamid, Mohd Helmy Mokhtar, Abdul Kadir Abdul Karim, Mohd Faizal Ahmad, Nor Haslinda Abd Aziz, Azantee Yazmie Abdul Wahab, Muhammad Azrai Abu,

The Role of Sleep Hygiene in Different Patterns of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Insights from Modern and Persian Medicine

CONCLUSION: It is recommended that sleep, like diet and exercise, be included in the lifestyle management of PCOS. For this purpose, more clinical studies are needed to prove the connection between improving sleep and reducing disease outcomes.

Published on: Thu, 06 Nov 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Leila Goodarzi, Mohammad Mostafa Ahmadi, Mohammadhosein Ramezanirad, Fatemeh Ahmadi, Abolfazl Khosravi, Shahrzad Zadeh Modarres, Mohammad Farjami, Mojgan Tansaz,

Reconsidering antral follicle changes in the DHEA-induced PCOS model: the overlooked role of AMH and methodological variability

The dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-induced mouse model is widely used to study polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), yet findings on antral follicle (AF) dynamics remain inconsistent. Among 12 representative studies-classified as mechanistic (n = 1), intervention (n = 7), or mixed-type (n = 4)-half reported increased AF counts, while the others reported reductions. This variability likely stems from methodological differences, including DHEA dosage, solvent, animal age, treatment duration, follicle...

Published on: Wed, 05 Nov 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Han Yang, Chunyue Xu, Lanfeng Lai, Bingyi Luo, Wenwen Zhang, Wei Yi,

Integrative bioinformatics and transcriptomic analysis identifies biomarkers in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome through machine learning approach

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine condition that affects women of reproductive age. The study used high-throughput sequencing to profile gene expression in PCOS and control samples. The sequenced reads were quality assessed and aligned to the human reference genome hg38 using FastQC and the Hisat2 aligner. The R software "DESeq2" identified 1193 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in SRP224633 and 82 DEGs in SRP353681. Notably, 8 DEGs were shared by the two datasets, and a...

Published on: Wed, 05 Nov 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Harshini Senthilkumar, Mohanapriya Arumugam,

An ovine model shows that subcutaneous adipose tissue fibrosis occurs early in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

Prenatally androgenised (PA) sheep are a clinically realistic model of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). They have dysfunctional subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) with reduced adipogenesis in adolescence and enlarged adipocytes with increased inflammation in adulthood. We hypothesised that analysis of SAT in young adults, after adipogenesis is complete but before inflammation is apparent, would give insights into the evolution of adipose tissue dysfunction. Pregnant sheep were treated...

Published on: Wed, 05 Nov 2025 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Yuan Wang, Giovanni Levate, Michael T Rae, W Colin Duncan, Katarzyna J Siemienowicz,