What is PCOS?

What is PCOS?

Despite what the name suggests, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome isn’t just about ovaries—or cysts, for that matter. In fact, many people diagnosed with PCOS don’t have any ovarian cysts at all. Confusing? You’re not alone. The name dates back to how the condition was first described, but science has come a long way since then. Today, we understand that PCOS is really a complex hormonal and metabolic condition that affects far more than reproductive health.

At its core, PCOS is about hormonal imbalance. When key hormones like insulin, androgens (like testosterone), and others are out of sync, they can create a domino effect throughout the body. This hormonal miscommunication can lead to irregular periods, acne, weight changes, hair loss or excess hair growth, difficulty with ovulation or fertility—and that’s just the shortlist. But here’s the thing: PCOS doesn’t follow a single pattern. Some women experience textbook symptoms. Others don’t fit the mold at all. That’s part of what makes PCOS so challenging—and why understanding your unique experience matters.

So, how can the PCOS Association help?

We’re here to offer more than definitions. We’re here to offer direction. Whether you’re newly diagnosed, still searching for answers, or years into your journey and feeling stuck, we’re committed to helping you make sense of PCOS—and make progress.

Here’s what you’ll find at PCOSA:

  • Reliable, science-backed information about what PCOS is (and isn’t)

  • 💬 Supportive communities of people who understand exactly what you’re going through

  • 🧬 Resources for navigating fertility, metabolic health, nutrition, and more

  • 🧠 Education for providers who want to better support their PCOS patients

  • 🙋‍♀️ Advocacy to make sure PCOS is recognized, researched, and respected

No fluff. No fad cures. Just real support, grounded in evidence and compassion.

At PCOSA, we believe every person with PCOS deserves to be informed, empowered, and heard. Wherever you are in your journey, we’re honored to walk with you.

pcos

pcos: Latest results from PubMed

The relationship between sex hormones, metabolic markers, and cognitive linguistic functions in women with PCOS

CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that there is a relationship between hormonal, metabolic markers, and cognitive functions in patients suffering from PCOS.

Published on: Wed, 28 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Agnieszka Adamczak, Izabela Dymanowska, Aleksandra Glowinska, Wlodzimierz Plotek, Karolina Frankowska, Julia Spaczynska, Ewa Wysocka, Beata Banaszewska,

Case Report: Postmenopausal hyperandrogenism misled by adrenal incidentaloma: a rare case of androgen-secreting ovarian adult granulosa cell tumor and clinical implications

BACKGROUND: Ovarian adult-type granulosa cell tumors (AGCTs) are rare sex cord-stromal neoplasms, accounting for 95% of ovarian granulosa cell tumors (GCTs) but only 10% of which secrete androgens. For postmenopausal women, hyperandrogenism is commonly attributed to conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), while androgen-secreting AGCTs are extremely rare, often leading to diagnostic challenges-especially when accompanied by adrenal incidentalomas that may divert clinical attention.

Published on: Wed, 28 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Conghui Cao, Xiaoli Wang,

Metabolite and gut microbiota co-biomarkers in Danggui Shaoyao San: insights into a shared therapeutic approach

Danggui Shaoyao San (DSS), a classical multi-herbal formulation of traditional Chinese medicine, demonstrates therapeutic potential for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), Alzheimer's Disease (AD), and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). This review proposes a unified mechanism whereby DSS exerts its effects by modulating a network of shared pathological biomarkers across these disorders. We identify tryptophan (Trp) and phenylalanine (Phe) as host-derived metabolic biomarkers in plasma, and the gut...

Published on: Wed, 28 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Xin Fu, Dinghan Peng, Yang Yu, Mingguo Cao, Xin Zheng, Songquan Wu,

Exploring key genes related to air pollutants in polycystic ovary syndrome: A comprehensive analysis from transcriptome and single-cell analysis combined with network toxicology

CONCLUSION: This study provides the integrative transcriptomic analysis linking air pollutant exposure to PCOS. ESR2, FAAH, and MAOB emerge as potential mediators of pollutant-induced endocrine disruption, offering novel molecular insights and candidate biomarkers for environmentally driven PCOS.

Published on: Wed, 28 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Zixun Zhuang, Fengdan Sun, Bingying Fan, Hongbo Wu, Chun Luo, Qingling Ren,

Effects of Probiotic Supplementation on Mental Health and the Risk of Depression in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is commonly associated with psychological disorders, including depression and anxiety. Women with PCOS also tend to experience poorer sleep quality and greater daytime sleepiness than healthy individuals. To the best of our knowledge, no systematic reviews have investigated the impact of probiotic supplementation on mental health and sleep patterns in women with PCOS. Emerging evidence indicates that probiotic therapy may be a promising adjunct for...

Published on: Wed, 28 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Karolina Łagowska, Dagmara Ptaszyńska,

Vitamin D in Endocrine Disorders: A Broad Overview of Evidence in Musculoskeletal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, and Reproductive Disorders

Vitamin D is well established for its skeletal effects, being a cornerstone of several endocrine disorders. In recent years, it has come under investigation as a potential disease-modifying drug in several endocrine disorders through its immune modulatory and anti-tumorigenic action, particularly in thyroid disease, gynecologic disorders, and general fertility. Vitamin D supplementation is well established in the treatment of osteoporosis, osteomalacia, hypoparathyroidism, and primary...

Published on: Wed, 28 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Balazs Lengyel, Richard Armos, Bence Bojtor, Andras Kiss, Balint Tobias, Henriett Piko, Anett Illes, Eszter Horvath, Zsuzsanna Putz, Istvan Takacs, Janos P Kosa, Peter Lakatos,

Serum Chemerin Levels in Polish Women with PCOS-Phenotype D

Objectives: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous disorder with diverse pathogenetic mechanisms and clinical manifestations. Phenotype D PCOS is characterized by oligomenorrhoea and polycystic ovaries without hyperandrogenism. Altered adipokine profiles may contribute to reproductive and metabolic disturbances. Chemerin is an adipokine involved in inflammatory and metabolic processes. It remains unclear whether altered chemerin levels in PCOS reflect metabolic dysfunction alone or...

Published on: Wed, 28 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Justyna Kuliczkowska-Płaksej, Jowita Halupczok-Żyła, Łukasz Gojny, Agnieszka Zembska, Aneta Zimoch, Monika Skrzypiec-Spring, Marek Bolanowski, Aleksandra Jawiarczyk-Przybyłowska,

The Validation and Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the Arabic Version of the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Quality of Life Scale (PCOSQOL)

Background: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder, with a prevalence of approximately 16% in Saudi Arabia. PCOS is associated with various health complications. Assessing the quality of life (QoL) of women with PCOS is crucial for effective management. Objectives: This study aims to translate and validate the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Quality of Life scale (PCOSQOL) into Arabic for use among Arabic-speaking women. The study was designed to evaluate the psychometric...

Published on: Wed, 28 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Layan Alwatban, Ayah Sayed, Raneem Alwatban, Mais Alwatban, Nada Alyousefi,

Letrozole Co-Administration in Progestin-Primed Ovarian Stimulation (PPOS) Protocols for Patients Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization: A Systematic Review

Objective: To systematically analyze and synthesize the evidence from the literature, we compared outcomes of the PPOS + LE protocol versus standard PPOS in patients undergoing IVF. Materials and Methods: We systematically searched the MEDLINE, Scopus, EMBASE, and Science Citation Index databases to identify relevant studies. The clinical questions were developed according to the PICO framework. Quality assessment of the included studies was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Primary...

Published on: Wed, 28 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Raffaella Di Girolamo, Maria Giuseppina Trinchillo, Luigi Vigilante, Roberta Ordichelli, Matteo Giudice, Giuseppe Gabriele Iorio, Ida Strina, Federica Cariati, Luigi Carbone,

ADIPOQ Variants rs1501299 and rs3774261 and Hypoadiponectinemia in Obese Women with PCOS: Genetic and Metabolic Interactions

Background: Hypoadiponectinemia, a metabolic hallmark of obesity, is common in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) yet the association of variants in the ADIPOQ gene with obesity in PCOS remains uncertain. To investigate whether ADIPOQ variants are associated with obesity in PCOS in relation to circulating adiponectin levels, and whether integrating genotypes, adiponectin, and a polygenic risk score (PRS) improves risk stratification. Methodology: In 324 Tunisian women with PCOS, classified as...

Published on: Wed, 28 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Intissar Ezzidi, Sameh Sarray, Mahmoud A Alfaqih, Nabil Mtiraoui,

Oxidative Stress and SIRT1-Nrf2 Anti-Ferroptotic Pathways in Granulosa Cells: A Molecular Key to Follicular Atresia and Ovarian Aging

The functional deterioration of granulosa cells (GCs), essential for follicular growth, steroidogenesis, and oocyte competence, indicates ovarian aging and reduced fertility. An expanding corpus of research indicates that oxidative stress is a primary molecular contributor to granulosa cell dysfunction, culminating in mitochondrial impairment, reduced metabolic support for oocytes, and the activation of regulated apoptotic pathways that end in follicular atresia. Ferroptosis, an emergent type of...

Published on: Wed, 28 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Charalampos Voros, Fotios Chatzinikolaou, Georgios Papadimas, Spyridon Polykalas, Despoina Mavrogianni, Aristotelis-Marios Koulakmanidis, Diamantis Athanasiou, Vasiliki Kanaka, Kyriakos Bananis, Antonia Athanasiou, Aikaterini Athanasiou, Ioannis Papapanagiotou, Charalampos Tsimpoukelis, Athanasios Karpouzos, Maria Anastasia Daskalaki, Nikolaos Kanakas, Marianna Theodora, Nikolaos Thomakos, Panagiotis Antsaklis, Dimitrios Loutradis, Georgios Daskalakis,

A Systematic Review on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Reproductive Health: Integrating IVF Data, Ovarian Physiology and Molecular Mechanisms

Women of reproductive age, especially those with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), often use glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) to improve their metabolic functions. A growing body of evidence suggests that GLP-1R signaling may directly affect ovarian physiology, influencing granulosa cell proliferation, survival pathways, and steroidogenic production, in addition to its systemic metabolic effects. Nonetheless, there is a limited comprehension of the molecular mechanisms that...

Published on: Wed, 28 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Charalampos Voros, Fotios Chatzinikolaou, Ioannis Papapanagiotou, Spyridon Polykalas, Despoina Mavrogianni, Aristotelis-Marios Koulakmanidis, Diamantis Athanasiou, Vasiliki Kanaka, Kyriakos Bananis, Antonia Athanasiou, Aikaterini Athanasiou, Georgios Papadimas, Charalampos Tsimpoukelis, Dimitrios Vaitsis, Athanasios Karpouzos, Maria Anastasia Daskalaki, Nikolaos Kanakas, Marianna Theodora, Nikolaos Thomakos, Panagiotis Antsaklis, Dimitrios Loutradis, Georgios Daskalakis,

The Role of Astaxanthin as an Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Agent in Human Health: A Systematic Review

This systematic review aimed to summarize the effects of astaxanthin (ASX) supplementation on oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic regulation in human studies. A systematic search was conducted in Scopus, Web of Science (WOS), and PubMed for articles published between 2020 and 2025. Fifteen studies involving human participants were included, while in vitro and animal studies were excluded. ASX consistently reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β1) and oxidative stress...

Published on: Wed, 28 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Giuseppina Malcangi, Angelo Michele Inchingolo, Lucia Casamassima, Irma Trilli, Laura Ferrante, Marialuisa Longo, Francesco Inchingolo, Grazia Marinelli, Andrea Palermo, Gianna Dipalma, Alessio Danilo Inchingolo,

NLRP3 Inflammasome and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): A Novel Profile in Adipose Tissue

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation. The NLRP3 inflammasome has been implicated in various inflammatory conditions, but its role in PCOS remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether the NLRP3 inflammasome and its associated components, IL-1β, CASP-1, and PYCARD, are involved in the pathogenesis of PCOS. Gene and protein expression levels of NLRP3, IL-1β, CASP-1, and PYCARD were assessed in adipose tissue...

Published on: Wed, 28 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Salih Atalah Alenezi, Khalid Alshammari, Raheela Khan, Saad Amer,

Precision Targeted Therapy for PCOS: Emerging Drugs, Translational Challenges, and Future Opportunities

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by a self-perpetuating vicious cycle between insulin resistance (IR) and hyperandrogenism (HA). While lifestyle management remains the internationally recommended first-line treatment, current clinical management, primarily relying on combined oral contraceptives and metformin, offers symptomatic relief or "masking" of the phenotype but fails to adequately disrupt this core pathophysiological loop, while also carrying potential intergenerational...

Published on: Wed, 28 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Xinhong Wu, Wei Yi, Xiawen Liu,