What is PCOS?

What is PCOS?

Despite what the name suggests, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome isn’t just about ovaries—or cysts, for that matter. In fact, many people diagnosed with PCOS don’t have any ovarian cysts at all. Confusing? You’re not alone. The name dates back to how the condition was first described, but science has come a long way since then. Today, we understand that PCOS is really a complex hormonal and metabolic condition that affects far more than reproductive health.

At its core, PCOS is about hormonal imbalance. When key hormones like insulin, androgens (like testosterone), and others are out of sync, they can create a domino effect throughout the body. This hormonal miscommunication can lead to irregular periods, acne, weight changes, hair loss or excess hair growth, difficulty with ovulation or fertility—and that’s just the shortlist. But here’s the thing: PCOS doesn’t follow a single pattern. Some women experience textbook symptoms. Others don’t fit the mold at all. That’s part of what makes PCOS so challenging—and why understanding your unique experience matters.

So, how can the PCOS Association help?

We’re here to offer more than definitions. We’re here to offer direction. Whether you’re newly diagnosed, still searching for answers, or years into your journey and feeling stuck, we’re committed to helping you make sense of PCOS—and make progress.

Here’s what you’ll find at PCOSA:

  • Reliable, science-backed information about what PCOS is (and isn’t)

  • 💬 Supportive communities of people who understand exactly what you’re going through

  • 🧬 Resources for navigating fertility, metabolic health, nutrition, and more

  • 🧠 Education for providers who want to better support their PCOS patients

  • 🙋‍♀️ Advocacy to make sure PCOS is recognized, researched, and respected

No fluff. No fad cures. Just real support, grounded in evidence and compassion.

At PCOSA, we believe every person with PCOS deserves to be informed, empowered, and heard. Wherever you are in your journey, we’re honored to walk with you.

pcos

pcos: Latest results from PubMed

Semaglutide Alleviates Ovarian Oxidative Stress and Autophagy via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway in Mice with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

CONCLUSION: Semaglutide alleviates autophagy and ovarian oxidative stress via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in mice with PCOS.

Published on: Wed, 28 May 2025 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Sili Guo, Xiaohan Li, Mei Liu, Meiqi Feng, Xi Wang, Haibo Xue, Lei Zhang,

Barriers and facilitators to exercise participation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a qualitative study

CONCLUSION: We identified that the main barrier to exercise participation in women with PCOS was lack of education, awareness and knowledge about the condition and the role of physiotherapy in PCOS. Meanwhile, social support and information or knowledge about exercises were identified as the biggest facilitators to exercise participation.

Published on: Wed, 28 May 2025 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Manjushree Umamaheswar, Shweta S Bhatbolan,

Long Noncoding RNA NONHSAT233728.1 Promotes ROS Accumulation and Granulosa Cell Apoptosis by Regulating the MAPK/ERK1/2 Signaling Pathway

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most prevalent endocrine disorders in women of reproductive age. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we employed RNA sequencing analysis to identify differentially expressed protein-coding genes and long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) expression profiles in granulosa cells from women with and without PCOS. It was established that the level of NONHSAT233728.1 was diminished in women with PCOS. The present study...

Published on: Wed, 28 May 2025 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Yao Chen, Heqi Dai, Fei Mao, Yangbai Li, Ruizhi Feng, Yun Qian,

Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Interventions for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) in Indian Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder prevalent in women of reproductive age. Treatment or management of this syndrome includes several pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment approaches for different manifestations of the disease that vary with the patient's age, symptoms, requirements, and geographical location. Objective: This systematic review aims to conduct a comprehensive and evidence-based analysis of the various available treatment options and...

Published on: Wed, 28 May 2025 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Pratibha Maan, Rohit Gautam, Sudharsan Vasudevan, Geetha R Menon, Amit Arora, Abilash Nair, Puthiyaveettil Khadar Jabbar, Taruna Arora,

The Role of the Gut Microbiota in Female Reproductive and Gynecological Health: Insights into Endometrial Signaling Pathways

Fertility is a dynamic, multifactorial process governed by hormonal, immune, metabolic, and environmental factors. Recent evidence highlights the gut microbiota as a key systemic regulator of reproductive health, with notable impacts on endometrial function, implantation, pregnancy maintenance, and the timing of birth. This review examines the gut-endometrial axis, focusing on how gut microbial communities influence reproductive biology through molecular signaling pathways. We discuss the...

Published on: Wed, 28 May 2025 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Patricia Escorcia Mora, Diana Valbuena, Antonio Diez-Juan,

The Relationship Between Obesity, Bariatric Surgery, and Infertility: A Systematic Review

CONCLUSIONS: Bariatric surgery is a highly effective treatment for increasing fertility and pregnancy outcomes in obese women, particularly those with PCOS. However, rigorous preconception planning, postoperative nutritional monitoring, and multidisciplinary follow-up are required to reduce the related hazards. Future research should concentrate on long-term reproductive outcomes, standardizing fertility assessment criteria, and improving clinical guidelines for managing post-bariatric...

Published on: Wed, 28 May 2025 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Charalampos Voros, Antonia Varthaliti, Kyriakos Bananis, Despoina Mavrogianni, Diamantis Athanasiou, Antonia Athanasiou, Aikaterini Athanasiou, Anthi-Maria Papahliou, Constantinos G Zografos, Panagiota Kondili, Menelaos Darlas, Ioannis Papapanagiotou, Maria Anastasia Daskalaki, Marianna Theodora, Panagiotis Antsaklis, Georgios Daskalakis, Dimitrios Loutradis,

The Cut-Off Value for the Triglyceride-Glucose Index (TyG) Discriminating Insulin Resistance Based on the SHBG Level and HOMA-IR Values in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index was recently suggested as a surrogate marker of liver steatosis and insulin resistance. However, the TyG index cut-off value may be affected by age, sex, and race. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the cut-off value for the TyG index discriminating insulin resistance based on the previously established cut-offs for HOMA-IR (Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance) and serum level of SHBG (sex hormone-binding globulin) in Caucasian women with...

Published on: Wed, 28 May 2025 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Tahar Ben Rhaiem, Aleksander Jerzy Owczarek, Mariusz Wójtowicz, Dariusz Ciura, Paweł Madej, Jerzy Chudek, Magdalena Olszanecka-Glinianowicz,

Multitargeted Effects of Plantago ovata Ethanol Extract in Experimental Rat Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Mellitus and Letrozole-Induced Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a common and multifactorial endocrine disorder in reproductive-aged women, is strongly associated with insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and also affects up to one in four women with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The current study explored the potential of Plantago ovata (P. ovata) seed ethanol extract (POEE) to modulate oxidative stress (OS), inflammatory responses, metabolic profiles, and hormonal levels in rat Streptozotocin...

Published on: Wed, 28 May 2025 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Lia-Oxana Usatiuc, Raluca Maria Pop, Surd Adrian, Marcel Pârvu, Mădălina Țicolea, Ana Uifălean, Dan Vălean, Laura-Ioana Gavrilaș, Szabo Csilla-Enikő, Loredana Florina Leopold, Floricuța Ranga, Florinela Adriana Cătoi, Alina Elena Pârvu,

The Role of Gene Alterations in the Pathogenesis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Family studies have shown that polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) has probable genetic transmission because of a high incidence of relatives who present clinical or biochemical characters of the syndrome. However, initial candidate gene studies were unsuccessful. Genome wide association studies (GWASs) have shown that at least 29 gene alterations are common in PCOS, but it has been calculated that the altered genes found by GWASs may represent only 10% of affected patients. Rare altered uncoding...

Published on: Wed, 28 May 2025 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Enrico Carmina,

Does MYO and ALA Supplementation Improve PCOS Outcomes?

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of myoinositol (MYO) and α-lipoic acid (ALA) supplementation on hormonal and metabolic markers in women diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Materials and Methods: A retrospective case-control study was conducted with 58 women aged between 18-40 years who met the Rotterdam criteria for PCOS. The case group (n = 29) received MYO (2000 mg/day) and ALA (400 mg/day) supplements, while the control group (n = 29) did not...

Published on: Wed, 28 May 2025 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Selma Firat, Koray Elter, Sinan Ateş, Mehmet Fisunoğlu,

Altered miRNA Signatures in Follicular Fluid: Insights into Infertility Etiologies

Background/Objectives: Infertility is a reproductive disorder affecting approximately 10-15% of reproductive-age couples worldwide. Recent studies have suggested that miRNAs in follicular fluid may provide insights into reproductive potential and follicle health. This study evaluated the altered profile of miRNAs in the follicular fluid in patients undergoing IVF, considering the underlying etiology of infertility. Among our study participants, we identified four major underlying causes of...

Published on: Wed, 28 May 2025 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Cornelia Braicu, Cristina Ciocan, Cecilia Bica, Oana Zanoaga, Laura Ancuta Pop, Stefan Strilciuc, Adelina Staicu, Iulian Goidescu, Daniel Muresan, Mihai Surcel, Ioana Berindan-Neagoe,

Therapeutic Potential of Lythrum salicaria L. Ethanol Extract in Experimental Rat Models of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Mellitus and Letrozole-Induced Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are prevalent endocrine disorders with overlapping pathophysiological mechanisms. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is commonly associated with PCOS, with both conditions strongly linked to insulin resistance (IR), while recent studies have also reported an increased prevalence of PCOS among women with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). This study evaluated the potential of Lythrum salicaria L. ethanol extract (LSEE) to mitigate oxidative...

Published on: Wed, 28 May 2025 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Lia Oxana Usatiuc, Marcel Pârvu, Raluca Maria Pop, Ana Uifălean, Dan Vălean, Adrian Surd, Mădălina Țicolea, Ana Hîruța, Floricuța Ranga, Florinela Adriana Cătoi, Corina Cătană, Alina Elena Pârvu,

Gingival Inflammation Modulates NLRP3 Inflammasome Signalling in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of PCOS Patients: A Case-Control Study

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex condition associated with chronic inflammation and oxidative stress and is often linked to periodontal diseases. This study aimed to determine whether gingivitis modulates the NLRP3 inflammasome in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from women with PCOS. Following a case-control design, 104 women were divided into three groups: controls (n = 36), PCOS without gingivitis (PCOS, n = 44) and PCOS with gingivitis (PCOS+, n = 24). Periodontal...

Published on: Wed, 28 May 2025 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Cecilia Fabiana Márquez-Arrico, María Pelechá-Salvador, Meylin Fernández-Reyes, Francisco Javier Silvestre, Laura Perea-Galera, Jonathan Hermenejildo, Zaida Abad-Jiménez, Javier Silvestre-Rangil, Carlos Morillas, Víctor M Víctor, Sandra López-Domènech, Milagros Rocha,

New Insights in the Diagnostic Potential of Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG)-Clinical Approach

SHBG is a glycoprotein that not only controls serum sex hormone levels but is also strongly correlated with metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular risk, thyroid function, gynecological conditions, and even the process of carcinogenesis. Synthesis of SHBG is controlled by many factors related to obesity, lipogenesis, inflammatory status, and genetic predisposition. By influencing the bioavailability of sex hormones, SHBG regulates their effects not only on the reproductive system, but also...

Published on: Wed, 28 May 2025 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Weronika Szybiak-Skora, Wojciech Cyna, Katarzyna Lacka,

Comparative Analysis of Rescue-In Vitro-Maturation (r-IVM) Outcomes in Women with Diminished Ovarian Reserve (DOR) Versus Normal Ovarian Reserve (NOR)

Background/Objectives: Diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) poses significant challenges in the reproductive field, resulting in fewer mature and more low-quality eggs. Methods: We studied r-IVM in addition to standard in vitro fertilization (IVF) and compared the embryological outcomes between both DOR and NOR women. Results: We recruited 90 women (45 NOR; 45 DOR) with a younger age seen in NOR (35.2 vs. 36.5 years old) women. Otherwise, DOR women had lower levels of AMH and AFC, thus fewer...

Published on: Wed, 28 May 2025 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Mohd Faizal Ahmad, Nurul Yaqin Mohd Nor, Mohammad Mahmoud Mohammad Ramadneh, Nurul Izyani Roseli, Marjanu Hikmah Elias, Norazilah Mat Jin, Muhammad Azrai Abu, Saiful Effendi Syafruddin, Ani Amelia Zainuddin, Shah Shamsul Azhar, Nao Suzuki, Abdul Kadir Abdul Karim,