What is PCOS?

What is PCOS?

Despite what the name suggests, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome isn’t just about ovaries—or cysts, for that matter. In fact, many people diagnosed with PCOS don’t have any ovarian cysts at all. Confusing? You’re not alone. The name dates back to how the condition was first described, but science has come a long way since then. Today, we understand that PCOS is really a complex hormonal and metabolic condition that affects far more than reproductive health.

At its core, PCOS is about hormonal imbalance. When key hormones like insulin, androgens (like testosterone), and others are out of sync, they can create a domino effect throughout the body. This hormonal miscommunication can lead to irregular periods, acne, weight changes, hair loss or excess hair growth, difficulty with ovulation or fertility—and that’s just the shortlist. But here’s the thing: PCOS doesn’t follow a single pattern. Some women experience textbook symptoms. Others don’t fit the mold at all. That’s part of what makes PCOS so challenging—and why understanding your unique experience matters.

So, how can the PCOS Association help?

We’re here to offer more than definitions. We’re here to offer direction. Whether you’re newly diagnosed, still searching for answers, or years into your journey and feeling stuck, we’re committed to helping you make sense of PCOS—and make progress.

Here’s what you’ll find at PCOSA:

  • Reliable, science-backed information about what PCOS is (and isn’t)

  • 💬 Supportive communities of people who understand exactly what you’re going through

  • 🧬 Resources for navigating fertility, metabolic health, nutrition, and more

  • 🧠 Education for providers who want to better support their PCOS patients

  • 🙋‍♀️ Advocacy to make sure PCOS is recognized, researched, and respected

No fluff. No fad cures. Just real support, grounded in evidence and compassion.

At PCOSA, we believe every person with PCOS deserves to be informed, empowered, and heard. Wherever you are in your journey, we’re honored to walk with you.

pcos

pcos: Latest results from PubMed

Analysis of Fatty Liver Prevalence in Non-Obese Women Diagnosed with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

CONCLUSION: Non-obese women with PCOS had a higher prevalence of fatty liver, with minor differences in metabolic parameters, and BMI partly mediated these associations.

Published on: Thu, 15 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Fateme Amiri, Homeira Rashidi, Leila Moradi, Seyedbahman Ghderian, Reyhanesadat Taghavi,

Identification and Evaluation of Menstruation-Related Disorders in Adolescent Girls Attending a Tertiary Care Center: An Observational Study

Background Menstrual disorders such as dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, oligomenorrhea, and premenstrual syndrome are believed to be the most common yet under-recognized causes of morbidity in adolescent girls. Many adolescents around the world experience menstrual dysfunction, and in India, cultural stigma, poor awareness, and nutritional imbalance are believed to exacerbate the burden. Despite national initiatives focusing on menstrual hygiene and anemia prevention, only a few studies in India have...

Published on: Thu, 15 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Pragya Prem, Veena S R, Meena T S, Revathy T G,

The interaction between endoplasmic reticulum stress and ferroptosis in ovarian diseases

No abstract

Published on: Thu, 15 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Min Xing, Jing Li, Xiaolan Wu, Ruyi Zhang, Lan Li, Huiping Liu,

Polycystic ovary syndrome in women with bipolar affective disorder or epilepsy exposed to valproic acid: a nationwide 16-year cohort study

CONCLUSIONS: Valproate exposure was associated with an increased risk of PCOS. The risk was especially pronounced during current and cumulative exposure, whereas overall cumulative exposure suggested increased risk at higher thresholds. These findings suggest that PCOS risk may be driven by acute pharmacological effects, although long-term cumulative use may also contribute. The results reinforce recommendations to avoid valproate in women of reproductive age when possible.

Published on: Wed, 14 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Maria Holmskov, Jakob Christensen, Mie Frederiksen Larsen, Ann-Eva Christiansen, René Ernst Nielsen,

Time-Restricted Eating to Improve Metabolic Abnormalities in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (TimeMAP)

CONCLUSION: In a 12-week cross-over feasibility study, TRE was a safe and feasible intervention. Recruitment was challenging and with limited numbers, the TRE group showed a decrease in HbA1c and anthropometric indices compared to the 'ad libitum' group.

Published on: Wed, 14 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Ruairí Floyd, Adam Dyer, James Gibney, Fatimah Alawami, Lisa Owens, Niamh Phelan, Ana Rakovac, Patrick Swan, Carel W LeRoux, Lucy Ann Behan, Sinead N Duggan,

Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) Extracts Ameliorate Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Rats by Inhibiting Follicular Atresia and Modulating Ghrelin and Leptin

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) accelerates ovarian follicular depletion through atresia. This study investigated the therapeutic potential of aqueous (AE) and hydroethanolic (HEE) extracts of Cymbopogon citratus in mitigating PCOS-induced ovarian damage (specifically ferroptosis, apoptosis, and oxidative stress) in a rat model of PCOS. PCOS was induced by oral administration of letrozole (1 mg/kg/day for 21 days), followed by treatment with AE or HEE (100, 200, or 400 mg/kg/day for 20 days)...

Published on: Wed, 14 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Vanis Slauvers Akago, Marie Alfrede Mvondo, Sefirin Djiogue, Stephen Lacmata Tamekou, Nina-Sonia Messongue Mbollo, Josue Jobin Biba, Agatha Yelah Ntumnyuy, Lylie Gisèle Atsafack Mboudem, Perpetue Atsama Mbede, Christophe Mezui, Hélène Carole Edima-Durand, Jules-Roger Kuiate, Dieudonné Njamen,

The Combinatory Effect of Salvia officinalis and Nigella sativa Extracts on Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Induced in Mice

CONCLUSION: This study showed that the combined effect of Nigella sativa and Salvia officinalis was better able to treat PCOS and may replace Metformin to improve PCOS-induced abnormalities.

Published on: Wed, 14 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Hiba Faour, Samah Hachem, Miriam Al Battal, Jamilah Borjac,

Therapeutic Effects of Phytoestrogen Naringenin in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Involvement of Kisspeptin and Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide Signalling Pathways

CONCLUSIONS: Naringenin may ameliorate PCOS by downregulating hypothalamic Kiss1 and Cgrp gene expression in rats. These results suggest a novel mechanism of naringenin's action and highlight its potential for clinical application.

Published on: Wed, 14 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Manizheh Habibi, Fariba Mahmoudi, Khadijeh Haghighat, Homayoun Khazali,

Prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome: a global and regional systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects women globally, but its prevalence across World Health Organization (WHO) regions has not previously been reported.

Published on: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Adriana C H Neven, Maria Forslund, Sanjeeva Ranasinha, Parneet Sethi, Raja Ram Dhungana, Aya Mousa, Chau T Tay, Helena Teede, Jacqueline A Boyle,

The biology and clinical aspects of female infertility

Female infertility is a multifactorial condition with complex biological and clinical underpinnings. Biologically, female-related infertility may stem from disruptions in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis, impaired folliculogenesis, oocyte maturation defects, uterine abnormalities, endometrial dysfunction, and fallopian tube abnormalities. This review highlights key genetic mechanisms contributing to reproductive dysfunction and their relevance to diagnosis and treatment. Chromosomal...

Published on: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Mitko Madjunkov, Svetlana Madjunkova, Clifford Librach,

Spatiotemporal Imaging of miRNA in Granulosa Cells from Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome by Near-Infrared Light-Activated DNA Nanoprobes

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common reproductive disorder in women. MicroRNA (miRNA) plays important regulatory roles in PCOS development, but its biological mechanism remains poorly understood. Innovating the visualization methods of miRNA has great significance for studying the genesis and development of PCOS. Here, we report near-infrared (NIR) light-triggerable DNA nanoprobes (termed as LT-DP) for visualizing miRNA-103-associated molecular mechanisms in clinical ovarian...

Published on: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Di Cheng, Jinli Ding, Bo Zhang, Shujie Liu, Xiaoming Zhang, Chen Xie, Yun Zhang, Zhipeng Gao, Fangrong Zhang, Erqun Song, Tailang Yin, Yanbing Yang, Quan Yuan,

A novel 2D and 3D model for primary adrenocortical carcinoma of advanced and metastasized stage co-secreting cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone and 18-oxo/18OH-cortisols

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a highly aggressive malignancy with poor survival rates and few treatment options. Preclinical models are indispensable to further strengthen our understanding of disease progression and development of novel therapeutic treatments. Here, we report the establishment of a new cell line named ZUC-1 originating from the resection of an advanced primary ACC and its characterization at the genomic, cellular and molecular level. ZUC-1 cells were successfully propagated...

Published on: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Igor Shapiro, Chiara Kräuchi, Edlira Luca, Susanne Dettwiler, Mirko Peitzsch, Weihong Qi, Astrid Reul, Felix Beuschlein, Umberto Maccio, Svenja Nölting, Huguette Debaix, Constanze Hantel,

MASLD coexisting with PCOS increases cardiometabolic risk

CONCLUSION: PCOS+MASLD in adolescents, but not PCOS alone, increases the likelihood of obesity, insulin resistance and an adverse cardiometabolic phenotype during adulthood.

Published on: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Oyekoya T Ayonrinde, Trevor A Mori, Leon A Adams, Lawrence J Beilin, John K Olynyk, Roger Hart,

Investigating the impact of phthalate exposure on endocrine function in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

CONCLUSION: This study underscores the elevated levels of MEHP and DEHP in women with PCOS, highlighting the potential influence of these environmental toxins in PCOS pathogenesis.

Published on: Mon, 12 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Jalpa Patel, Hiral Chaudhary, Sonal Panchal, Kiransinh Rajput, Rushikesh Joshi,

Metabolic and Hormonal Impact of Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study from South India

CONCLUSION: SCH is a common and metabolically relevant comorbidity in women with PCOS, aggravating insulin resistance and dyslipi-demia without significantly affecting reproductive hormones. These findings highlight the need for routine thyroid function screening in PCOS management, especially among those with metabolic syndrome features. Further longitudinal studies are warranted to evaluate the benefits of targeted thyroid intervention in this subgroup.

Published on: Mon, 12 Jan 2026 06:00:00 -0500

Authors: Anand Acharya, Renu Sulakhe, Varada A Hasamnis, Abinash Panda,