What is PCOS?

What is PCOS?

Despite what the name suggests, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome isn’t just about ovaries—or cysts, for that matter. In fact, many people diagnosed with PCOS don’t have any ovarian cysts at all. Confusing? You’re not alone. The name dates back to how the condition was first described, but science has come a long way since then. Today, we understand that PCOS is really a complex hormonal and metabolic condition that affects far more than reproductive health.

At its core, PCOS is about hormonal imbalance. When key hormones like insulin, androgens (like testosterone), and others are out of sync, they can create a domino effect throughout the body. This hormonal miscommunication can lead to irregular periods, acne, weight changes, hair loss or excess hair growth, difficulty with ovulation or fertility—and that’s just the shortlist. But here’s the thing: PCOS doesn’t follow a single pattern. Some women experience textbook symptoms. Others don’t fit the mold at all. That’s part of what makes PCOS so challenging—and why understanding your unique experience matters.

So, how can the PCOS Association help?

We’re here to offer more than definitions. We’re here to offer direction. Whether you’re newly diagnosed, still searching for answers, or years into your journey and feeling stuck, we’re committed to helping you make sense of PCOS—and make progress.

Here’s what you’ll find at PCOSA:

  • Reliable, science-backed information about what PCOS is (and isn’t)

  • 💬 Supportive communities of people who understand exactly what you’re going through

  • 🧬 Resources for navigating fertility, metabolic health, nutrition, and more

  • 🧠 Education for providers who want to better support their PCOS patients

  • 🙋‍♀️ Advocacy to make sure PCOS is recognized, researched, and respected

No fluff. No fad cures. Just real support, grounded in evidence and compassion.

At PCOSA, we believe every person with PCOS deserves to be informed, empowered, and heard. Wherever you are in your journey, we’re honored to walk with you.

pcos

pcos: Latest results from PubMed

Evolution of polycystic ovary syndrome and related infertility in women of child-bearing age: A global burden of disease study 2021 analysis

CONCLUSIONS: In recent years, the growing burden of PCOS and related infertility among WCBA emphasizes the urgent need for tailored strategies to address disparities across region, nation, sex, and SDI levels and mitigate future impacts.

Published on: Sun, 24 Aug 2025 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Jian Zhang, Jingjing Zhang, Ziliang Zheng, Ruiping Zhang,

Is the risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome adequately addressed in high anti-Mullerian hormone and PCOS patients undergoing IVF?

No abstract

Published on: Sat, 23 Aug 2025 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Ayushi Agarwal, Anjali Mundkur, Vidyashree G Poojari, Prashanth Adiga, Pratap Kumar,

Morphological features of brown adipose tissue in an experimental polycystic ovary syndrome under intermittent cold exposure

CONCLUSION: Conclusions: In DHEA-induced PCOS, under intermittent cold exposure, and during DHEA administration combined with intermittent cold exposure, activation of brown adipose tissue in the interscapular region is observed, with the degree of activation being minimally, moderately, and maximally expressed, respectively.

Published on: Sat, 23 Aug 2025 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Maryna V Zhulikova, Mykhailo S Myroshnychenko, Oleh O Zhulikov, Nataliia V Kapustnyk, Yevheniia A Hromko, Sergiy O Myroshnychenko,

Cysteine mediates the association of essential trace elements with polycystic ovary syndrome: Does ambient particulate matters exposure modify the mediation effect of cysteine

CONCLUSIONS: Sn, Co, and Cu were found to be negatively associated with PCOS as they positively mediated the changes in the Cys levels. In addition, exposure to PMs may modify the mediation effect of Cys on the abovementioned negative association. Further research is needed to verify the modifying effect of PM and explore the underlying mechanisms.

Published on: Fri, 22 Aug 2025 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Rui Dong, Shiwei Ren, Xin Wang, Jing Yuan, Tao Yin, Dongyang Zhang, Qian Li, Jing Yang, Zihan Sun, Yajing Liu, Linsheng Yang, Fangbiao Tao, Zhiguo Zhang, Dongmei Ji, Jing Wei, Chunmei Liang,

The influence of serum luteinising hormone concentrations post GnRH agonist trigger on metaphase II oocytes in IVF/ICSI cycles

CONCLUSION: No LH threshold at 12 h post-GnRHa trigger predicted optimal or suboptimal oocyte maturation. Routine post-trigger LH measurement lacks clinical utility for predicting mature oocyte yield in PCOS IVF/ICSI cycles.

Published on: Fri, 22 Aug 2025 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Shital Sawant, Sasha Tulsyan, Roy Homburg,

Lipid variations in different polycystic ovary syndrome phenotypes: A systematic review & meta-analysis

Background & objectives Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder affecting reproductive-age women worldwide. Lipid abnormalities, such as elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglyceride (TG) levels and reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, are commonly observed in women with PCOS, increasing their risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Therefore, this study aims to quantify the magnitude and pattern of lipid levels (total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and TG) in women...

Published on: Fri, 22 Aug 2025 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Naina Mishra, Prabhaker Mishra, Vishwas Kapoor, Jai Kishun, Anup Kumar, Uttam Singh,

Tenascin-C levels in polycystic ovary syndrome and polycystic ovarian morphology

CONCLUSION: This study indicated that TN-C level was higher in the PCOS group compared to PCOM and control groups, while it was similar between the PCOM and the control groups. It may be suggested that TN-C levels may contribute to the differentiation between PCOS and PCOM.

Published on: Fri, 22 Aug 2025 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Mustafa Kemal Koksal, Ugur Kemal Ozturk, Esra Keles, Burak Arslan, Yaprak Engin Ustun,

Combined metformin and exenatide versus only metformin treatments in polycystic ovary syndrome with abdominal obesity and network pharmacology of gene expression: evidence from a randomized clinical trial

CONCLUSION: Both treatments improved glucose and lipid metabolism, weakening insulin resistance and improving some biochemical indexes. Network pharmacology identified genes related to AO and metabolism in patients with PCOS under the metformin-exenatide treatment.

Published on: Fri, 22 Aug 2025 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Ding Xuesong, Tao Tao, Wang Weilu, Xiong Wei, Xue Wei, Deng Yan, Wang Yanfang, Ma Ruilin, Guo Yingying, Wang Yue, Faustino R Pérez-López, Wang Yang,

Revisiting Metformin in the Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder that significantly affects both obese and non-obese women of reproductive age. Besides genetic and epigenetic factors, obesity and insulin resistance (IR) play a key role in the pathogenesis of PCOS, contributing to its endocrine, reproductive, and metabolic manifestations. Even though metformin remains a well-established treatment in the management of PCOS, emerging therapies and integrative approaches warrant comparison....

Published on: Fri, 22 Aug 2025 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Venkata Madhavi Latha Telagarapu, Priyanka Devi Nallamothu, Venkata Nikhila Telagarapu, Srikar Raja Chowdary Nalluri, Saispoorthy Nathani, Chandu Priya Kopani, Vishnu Yarraguntla, Sriharika Vyasalapu,

Mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine regulating polycystic ovary syndrome through gut microbiota: a review

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder that adversely affects women's reproductive and metabolic health conditions. Recent studies have highlighted the significant contributory role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of PCOS, indicating a complex interplay between the microbiome and the syndrome's clinical manifestations. Given this connection, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), a well-established therapeutic approach, has demonstrated potential efficacy in...

Published on: Fri, 22 Aug 2025 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Xiaomei Jiang, Yongfeng Wang, Yu Hua, Hong Tang, Heyue Li,

Evaluation of representativeness and sustainability of PCOS rat models induced by letrozole with or without high-fat diet

This article aimed to evaluate the representativeness and sustainability of a rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) induced by letrozole (LE) with or without a high-fat diet (HFD). Sexually mature SD rats were randomly divided into a sham group (receiving 1% carboxymethyl cellulose sodium + standard chow, n = 9), a letrozole group (receiving LE + standard chow, n = 15), and a letrozole combined with HFD group (receiving LE + HFD, n = 15). After 21 days, model tests were performed based...

Published on: Thu, 21 Aug 2025 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Shanqin Qi, Haiyan Yu, Wen Hu, Dongshuai Xia, Qinghan Shi, Kehua Wang,

Deciphering polycystic ovary syndrome: A brief overview from metabolic drivers to genetic and fetal origins

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a multifactorial endocrine and metabolic disorder in women of reproductive age characterized by hormonal imbalances, menstrual irregularities, and changes in ovarian morphology. Excess body fat plays a significant role in the clinical development of PCOS. The complex relationship between adiposity and PCOS involves disruptions in hormonal balance and inflammatory processes, which both contribute to the clinical and phenotypic manifestations of the syndrome....

Published on: Thu, 21 Aug 2025 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Mario Morales-Esponda, Ramón de Los Santos-Aguilar, Raúl Villanueva-Rodríguez, Luis David Sol-Oliva, Carlos Alberto Aguilar-Salinas, Mayel Chirinos, Fernando Larrea,

Predictive value of machine learning-based T2-weighted MRI radiomics in the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome

CONCLUSION: Machine learning-based T2-weighted MRI radiomics seems viable in differentiating between individuals with and without PCOS.

Published on: Thu, 21 Aug 2025 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Gunay Rona, Neriman Fistikcioglu, Tekin Ahmet Serel, Meral Arifoglu, Mehmet Bilgin Eser, Serhat Ozcelik, Kadriye Aydin,

Exploration of the molecular mechanism of melatonin against polycystic ovary syndrome based on a network pharmacology approach and experimental validation

CONCLUSION: Through network pharmacology, molecular docking, and experimental validation, this study reveals how melatonin may ameliorate PCOS and hyperandrogenism. Results suggest melatonin's effects involve androgen excess mitigation, though further validation is needed. This work provides insight into melatonin's actions in circadian-associated PCOS.

Published on: Thu, 21 Aug 2025 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Ran Cheng, Ying Zhu, Sheng-Kai Wang, Chun-Xiao Zong, Hong-Li Zhao, Qin Zhang,

"Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Descendants of Women With Gestational Diabetes and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"

Some reports show that children exposed to hyperandrogenemia or hyperglycemic states in utero are more prone to be diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to assess the association between Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) or gestational diabetes (GD) and ASD. A systematic review (1980-2023) in Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus, using specific search terms "gestational diabetes", "polycystic ovary syndrome," "neurodevelopmental disorder" and...

Published on: Thu, 21 Aug 2025 06:00:00 -0400

Authors: Francisca Bravo-Muñoz, Isidora Bustos, Diana Muñoz-Fierro, Sofía San-Martín, Catalina Tabilo, Macarena Véliz, Taide Zaror, Paulina Ormazabal, Nele Brusselaers, Romina Fornes,